Chapter 26&27 Flashcards by Raul Valdez

Filtration

getting bad stuff out of the blood

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Reabsorption

reabsorbs back into the vascular system

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Secretion

active transport back into nefron

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Functions of the kidneys

excrete waste
maintain fluid balance
regulate RBC production

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Hilum

renal artery and nerves enter, renal vein and ureter exit kidneys here

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Medulla

inner area, surrounds renal sinus

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Renal pyramids

cone shaped, apex of pyramid is renal papilla, points twords sinus

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Place these in the correct order:
A) Renal Pelvis 
B) Calyces 
C) Urethra 
D) Bladder 
E) Ureter

B) Calyces 
A) Renal Pelvis 
E) Ureter 
D) Bladder 
C) Urethra

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Juxtamedullary Nephrons

loops of Henle extend deep into the medulla

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The renal corpuscle consist of what

Bowman capsule and Glomerulus

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Visceral Layer

inner specialized podocytes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries

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Fenestrate

window like openings in the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries

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Juxtaglomerular apparatus

sight of renin production, in fluence flow

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Place the order of Nephron in correct order:
A) Proximal Tubule 
B) Bouman Capsule 
C) Distal Tubule 
D) Loop of Henle

B) Bouman capsule
A) Proximal Tubule
D) Loop of Henle
C) Distal Tubule

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What forces filtrate across filtration membrane

pressure difference

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Filtration membrane

filtration barrier, it prevents blood cells and proteins from entering lumen of bowmns capsule

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Some albumin and small hormonal proteins enter the filtrate but they are usually

reabsorbed

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Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure

the pressure inside the bowman capsule (10 mm Hg) moves fluid from the Bowman capsule into the blood

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Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure

produced by the concentration of blood proteins in the glomerular capillaries (30 mm Hg) moves fluid from the bowman capsule into the blood by osmosis

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Filtration Pressure

net pressure

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Dilation of afferent arterioles/COnstriction of efferent arterioles increase glomerular capillary pressure, increasing filtration pressure, thus

glomerular filtration

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Autoregulation

involves changes in degree of constriction in afferent arterioles

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Sympathetic Stimulation

decreases renal blood flow

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Degree Renal Flow

during shock or intense exercise intense sympathetic stimulation, rate of filtration formation drops to a few mm

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Reabsorption in PCT

filtrate volume reduced by 65% due to osmosis of water, almost all glucose is reabsorbed here

Potassium and Chlorine are symported in

the ascending limbs of the loop of henle

Tubular Secretion

brings back into filtrate

Where does tubular secretion take place

distal convuluted tubules

Potassium is secreted into the distal tubules by

active transport

Production of what is based on the level of ADH

Urine production

In order to concentrate urine and prevent a large volume of water from being lost, the kidney must maintain a high concentration of solutes in the

medulla

Vasa recta removes

excess water and solutes that enter the medulla

Loops of Henle are a

counter current multiplier system

Urea flows in cycle maintaining high urea concentration in the

medulla

Urea Flow

Collecting ducts intertineal fluid loops of henle descending loops of henle

Approximately 65% of water and sodium chloride is reabsorbed in the

proximal convoluted tubules

Approximately 16% of water is reabsorbed in

the thin segment of the descending limb of the loop of henle

The thick segment of the ascending loop of henle is not permeable to what

water

If ADH is present water moves by what

osmosis from the less concentrated filtrate into the more concentrated interstitial fluid

When the filtrate reaches the tip of the renal pyramid how much water and sodium chloride has been reabsorbed

19% water | 9-10% NaCl

Renin

released or produced when B/P in afferent arterial is low

Renin changes anglotensinogen from the liver to

angiotension 1

Increase is aldosterone causes

body to reabsorb sodium

When we increase blood osmoality we increase the number of action potentials in the

supra optic region of the hypothalmus

Atrial natriuretic hormone

produced by right atrium of heart when blood volume increases stretching cells

Obligatory reabsorbtion is

not under hormonal control

Plasma Clarence

calculated using substances like inulin

Tubular Load

total amount of substance that passes through filtration membrane into nephrons each minute

Tubular Maximum

load exceeds tubular maximum and glucose appears in urine

Micturition Reflex

process of peeing involving higher brain centers

Intraceullar fluid compartment

all fluids inside cells of body, about 40% of total body weight

Extracellular fluid in the vessels is

plasma

Sodium

number 1 most abundant element in plasma and interstitial fluid

Potassium

number 1 most abundant element in intracellular fluid

Kidneys are primary regulators of

water excretion

Osmosis

going back and forth across membrane

Osmolality

when decreased urine production increases, increases with sweating

Increased Osmolality

triggers thirst and ADH secretion

Decreased Osmolality

inhibits thirst and ADH secretion

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalmus control center detect increase in

blood osmoality

Decreased sympahtetic stimulation of afferent arteriole leads to

increased pressure in glomerulus leading to increased filtration and increased urine output

Regulation of Sodium ions

kidney major route for excretion

If aldosterone is absent the reabsobtion of sodium is

greatly decreased

What increases aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex

angiotensin

Blood pressure increases as blood volume increases because of

water reabsorption

Hypernatremia

oversecretion of aldosterone which makes it reabsorb water and sodium ions

Decreased extracellular potassium levels can cause a decrease

neuromuscular excitability `

Reduced rate of cardiac action potential conduction

can cause hyperpolinization of the cell

PTH

increases calcium extracellular levels, also increases bone reabsorbtion

Vitamin D stimulates

calcium uptake in intestines

Calcium decreases extracellular

calcium levels

To much blood in calcium causes

PTH to be released

To little blood calcium causes

calcitonin to be released

Calcium is stored in

bones

Hyperreflexi

neuromuscular excitability increases

Acids

release hydrogen into chemicals

pH is the measurement of

hydrogen is a solution

Buffers

resist change in pH

3 Types of buffer systems

carbonic acid/bicarbonate protein phosphate

if pH rises respiratory rate

decreases

if pH falls respiratory rate

increases

If a person has a pH level of 7.2 their respiration rate will be

highly increased

As CO2 levels increase pH

decreases

Chapter 26&27 Flashcards

(83 cards)