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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 23&24 > Flashcards

Chapter 23&24 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of lungs

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2
Q

Internal Respiration

A

gas exchange between the blood and tissues

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3
Q

Functions of the nasal cavity

A

warms air
smell
produces mucus to trap debree

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4
Q

What sinuses open directly into the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

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5
Q

Nasopharynx

A

openings of eustachian (auditory) tubes

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6
Q

Largest unpaired cartilage of the larynx

A

thyroid (also known as adams apple)

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7
Q

What folds prevent swallowed material from moving into the larynx

A

epiglottis and vestibular folds

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8
Q

Vocal folds are primary source of what

A

sound production

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9
Q

What determines pitch

A

frequency of vibration

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10
Q

What way does hyaline cartilage (C shaped rings) open

A

posteriorly

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11
Q

Primary bronchi divide into what

A

secondary bronchi. one goes to right lobe one to left

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12
Q

As tubes become smaller what happens to cartilage and smooth muscle

A

cartilage decreases and amount of smooth muscle increases

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13
Q 
Place the following in order:
A) Alveoli 
B) Terminal bronchiole 
C) Alveolar ducts 
D) Respiratory bronchioles
A

B) Terminal Bronchiole
D) Respiratory bronchioles
C) Alveolar ducts
A) Alveoli

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14
Q

Where does actual exchange happen

A

alveoli

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15
Q

Thin layer of fluid lining the alveolus

A

fluid is surfactin

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16
Q

The respiratory membrane has

A

simple squamous epithelium

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17
Q

What happens when the muscles of inspiration are contracted

A

thoracic volume increases

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18
Q

The diaphragm contracts what happens to the thoracic cavity

A

the superior - inferior dimensions increase

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19
Q

Quiet expiration

A

relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals with contraction of abdominal muscles

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20
Q

Sirius membrane of the lungs are called

A

pleural

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21
Q

Pressure Gradiant

A

When moving out there has to be more pressure inside than out
When moving inside has to be more pressure outside than in

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22
Q

Surfactant

A

reduces tendency of lungs to collapse by reducing surface tension

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23
Q

Pneumothorax

A

an opening between pleural cavity and air that causes a loss of pleural pressure

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24
Q

Negative pressure can cause alveoli to what

A

expand

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25
Emphysema
Increases compliance
26
Residual volume
volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration (1200 mL)
27
Daltons Law
total pressure is the sum of the individual pressures of each gas
28
What 4 factors effect diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane
membrane thickness, diffusion coefficient of gas, surface area, and partial pressure differences
29
Diseases like emphysema and lung cancer reduce what
available surface area
30
Increase surface area does what to diffusion rate
increase diffusion rate
31
Normally gas moves in what direction
from area of higher partial pressure to area of lower partial pressure
32
Oxygen diffuses into the arterial ends of pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli because of differences in what
partial pressure
33
Oxygen is transported by what
hemoglobin (98.5%)
34
If PH declines in the blood what happens
blood becomes more acidic and high CO2
35
Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
is a sugar byproduct of glycolasas, released by RBC's as they break down glucose for energy
36
BPG binds to what and increases oxygen
hemoglobin
37
PH decreases, CO2 increases, & Temperature increases indicate what
Right shift curve
38
PH increases, CO2 decreases, Temperature decreases indicates what
Left shift curve
39
Fetal hemoglobin can bind what better than maternal hemoglobin
oxygen
40
Carbon dioxide is transported as what
bicarbonate ions (70%)
41
Hemoglobin that has released oxygen binds more readily to what than hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it
carbon dioxide
42
Chloride shift
when bicarbonate ion is pumped out of the cell and chloride is pumped in
43
What sets off the chloride shift
CO2 enters the cell
44
Increased acid increases what
breathing
45
How does the respiratory system regulate blood PH
regulateing plasma CO2 levels
46
Ventral groups stimulate what
intercostal and abdominal muscles
47
Involved with switching between inspiration and expiration
Pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group
48
Whats a major regulator
Carbon dioxide
49
To much CO2 will make your blood turn what
acidic
50
Chemical control of ventilation
chemosensitive area of the medulla oblongata
51
Hering Breuer Reflex
prevents overinflation of the lungs
52
GI tract technically refers to
stomach and intestines
53
Mastication (chewing)
increases surface area, breaking down large particles mechanically
54
Greater Omentum
large amounts of fat can be stored here
55
Parotid salivary gland
largest, serous, just anterior to the ear
56
Saliva contains what that breaks down starch
salivary amylase
57
Parasympathetic input causes
salivary production
58
Upper sphincters
stirated
59
Lower sphincters
smooth
60
Swallowing
soft palate elevates, epiglottis is tipped posteriorly due to pressure of the bolus, larynx elevated to prevent food from passing into larynx
61
Cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal)
is the one that causes heartburn
62
Pyloric sphincter
leads to small intestine
63
3 layers of Muscularis
outer longitudinal middle circular inner oblique
64
Parietal
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
65
Chyme
ingested food plus stomach secretions
66
Mucus protects against
acidic chyme and enzyme pepsin
67
Intrinsic factors
parietal cells, Binds with vitamin B12 and help it to be absorbed
68
HCL
helps convert pepsinogen to pepsin
69
Pepsin
breaks down proteins
70
Production of hydrochloric acid involves what
active transport of hydrogen ions from partial cells to lumina of the stomach
71
Tatse, smell, tactile sensation of food in the mouth or even thoughts of food stimulate what
medulla oblongata
72
Gastric phase
distention of the stomach activates a parasympathetic refex
73
Chyme in the duodenum has a PH of
less than 2
74
Cholecytokinin produced by the duodenum decreases what
gastric secretions in the stomach, fatty acids and lipids activate this
75
Pyloric pump
peristaltic contractions force mL of mostly fluid
76
Site of greatest amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients and water
small intestine
77
Duodenum
openings to ducts from liver and or pancreas
78
Plicae circulares, Villi, Microvilli increase what
surface area 600 fold
79
Ileocecal valve constricts to
prevent more chyme from entering the cecum(beginning of colon)
80
Segmental contractions in the small intestine do what
mix
81
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct combine to form
the hepatopancreatic ampulla
82
The right and left hepatic duct can go to either the
gallbladder or common bile duct
83
Hepatic sinusoids
lined with endothelial cells and hepatic phagocytic cells
84
Bile salts
emulsify fat
85
Iron is stored in the
liver
86
Functions of the liver
nutrient interconversion, detoxification
87
Bile is produced by
hepatocytes
88
The hepatic portal vein carries what from the intestines through the portal of the liver
nutrient rich deoxygenated blood
89
Gallbladder
stores concentrated bile that arrives constantly from the liver
90
Cholecystokinin
makes gallbladder contract and inhibits stomach secretions
91
Pancreas is both an
endocrine and exocrine organ
92
Trypsin
digests proteins, fats, DNA, & RNA
93
Enterokinase
activates trypsinogen to trypsin

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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