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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 21&22 > Flashcards

Chapter 21&22 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Blood Pressure cuff

A

sphygmomanometer

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2
Q

Arteries

A

elastic, muscular, arterioles, carry oxygenated blood

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3
Q

Capilaries

A

site of exchange with tissues

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4
Q

Veins

A

thinner walls than arteries, contain less elastic tissue and fewer smooth muscle cells, carried de oxygenated blood

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5
Q

Place the following in correct order:

Veins, arteries, capillaries

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Capillaries
  3. Veins
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6
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

have pores

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7
Q

Arterial Capillaries are closer to what

A

arterial’s

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8
Q

Metarterioles

A

isolated smooth muscle along their wall

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9
Q

Precapillary sphincters regulate what

A

blood flow

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10
Q

Tunica Intima

A

endothelium tissue that lines veins

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11
Q

Thicker in arteries, innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers, and has smooth muscle cells

A

Tunica media

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12
Q

Elastic artery

A

also knows as conductive arteries, largest diameter and highest pressure
Ex: Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk

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13
Q

Arterioles

A

allow blood to go directly from an artery to a vein

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14
Q

Vasa Vasorum

A

blood vessels that supply the walls of arteries and veins

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15
Q

Neural innervation of blood vessels

A

sympathetic nerve fibers from plexi in tunica adventitia

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16
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries. Thickens tunica intima and losses elasticity in tunica media

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17
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

deposition of plaque on walls

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18
Q

Systemic circulation begins in the ____ and ends in the ____.

A

Systemic circulation begins in the left ventricle and ends in the right atrium

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19
Q

Ascending aorta

A

right and left coronary arteries branch from here

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20
Q

Aortic arch 1st branch

A

brachiocephalic artery, goes to the right arm

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21
Q

Aortic arch 2nd branch

A

left common carotid, goes to the left side of the heart

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22
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

branches into common iliac at L5

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23
Q

Which one is not a part of the circle of willis

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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24
Q

Inferior vena cava goes to

A

abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs

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25
Longest vein in the human body
great saphenous
26
When a blood specimen is needed what vein is it taken from and why
Median Cubital vein because it is closer to the surface of the body and no nerve endings
27
The splenic and superior mesenteric veins pour into what vein
hepatic vein
28
Hepatic portal system is from GI tract to what
liver
29
Blood pressure
measure of force exerted by blood against the vessel wall
30
How is blood pressure measured
listening to korotkoff sounds also know as the ausculation method
31
Korotkoff sounds
produced by turbulent flow
32
Laminar flow
center moving, fastest
33
Turbulent flow
small currents moving crosswise or obliquely
34
What does constriction of a blood vessel do
increase resistance and thus decreases flow
35
As viscosity increases pressure required to flow
increases
36
Critical closing pressure
pressure at which a blood vessel collapses and blood flow stops
37
Laplace's Law
force acting on blood vessel wall is proportional to diameter of the vessel times blood pressure
38
Aneurysm
weakened part of a vessel wall that bulges out
39
Compliance
blood vessel volume to change as blood pressure changes
40
The more easily a vessel wall stretches
the greater its compliance
41
Venous system (veins)
has a large compliance (24x greater) than arteries and acts as a blood reservoir
42
Pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
43
Compliance tends to decrease with age (ateriosclerosis)
pressure rises
44
What artery is used to check peripheral pulse
dorsalis artery
45
Blood pressure
kicks blood out
46
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
brings blood back in
47
How much blood is returned back to capilaries
9/10's
48
Arteriole dilation, sympathetic stimulation, valves, and muscular contraction all help do what
pump blood
49
Gravity increases blood pressure where
below the heart
50
Muscular movement and exercise help improve what
venous return
51
Epinephrine
causes vasodialation of coronary blood vessels
52
Chemoreceptor reflex control
helps maintain homeostasis when CO2 levels increase in the blood
53
What hormones help regulate blood pressure long term
ADH, epinephrine, norepinephrine
54
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism
tells kidneys to release enzymes
55
Atrialm natriuretic hormone
causes decrease in blood pressure
56
Fat absorption
absorption of fat and other substances from the GI tract via lacteals. Fluid called chyle
57
Lymph
returns to circulatory system via veins, essential for fluid balance
58
Once plasma enters the lymphatic system it is then known as
lymph
59
Lymph is NOT moved by
parostoltic contraction in the abdomen
60
The thoracic duct dumps into
left subclavian vein
61
Lymph nodes
filter lymph
62
Phagocytosis is also knows as
endocytosis
63
Source of lymphocytes, only ones to have apharent and epherant
lymph nodes
64
Functions of the spleen
destroys defective RBC's, detects and responds to foreign substances, limited reservoir for blood
65
Thymus
very large and active in children, produces lymphocytes, size stagnates while you grow the thymus does not
66
Innate immunity (nonspecific resistance)
tears, saliva
67
Adaptive immunity (specific immunity)
only attacks certain things
68
Complement
20 proteins that will attack/form holes in bacteria
69
Opsonization
form membrane attack complex that makes channels through the plasma membrane, attaches to surface of bacteria cells to stimulate phagocytosis
70
Interferons
protein that prevent viral infection and protection
71
WBC
most important cellular component of immune system
72
Macrophages
longer lived and can ingest larger particles
73
Natural Killer Cells
cells that kill our bodies own cells if they become infected with a virus
74
Inflammatory response
fibrinogen converts to fibrin to wall off infected areas
75
Fever is caused by the production of what
pyrogens
76
Adaptive immunity
stimulated by antigens
77
Antigen
pollen, animal dander, feces of mites, foods, drugs cause overreaction of immune system called allergic ractions
78
B cells
antibody mediated, mature in bone
79
T cells
cell mediated, mature in thymus
80
Positive selection
ensures survival of pre-B and pre-T cells
81
Negative selection
eliminates clones of lymphocytes that react against self antigen
82
Antigenic Determinants
specific regions of a given antigen recognizes by a lymphocyte
83
Major Histocompatibility Complex class 1
antigens that were produced inside the cell
84
Costimulation
immune response, 2nd signal for B and T cells
85
B cells are lymphocytes that produce what
antibodies
86
Antibodies produced by B cells change into
plasma cells
87
antibodie mediated immunity
produced by plasma antibodies (humoral immunity)
88
Antibody IgA is found where
in colostrum of breast milk
89
Primary response
takes several days occurs when a B cell is first activated by an antigen
90
Secondary response
memory cells, faster and greater than primary response
91
Active natural immunity
natural exposure to an antigen
92
Passive Natural immunity
transfer of antibodies from a mother to her fetus or baby
93
Passive artificial immunity
transfer of antibodies or cells from an immune animal to a non-immune one, also provides instant immunity

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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