Chapter 17 Notecards

Question 1

what sí the science of naming and classifying organisms

Answer 1

taxonomy

Question 2

what does Linnaean Taxonomy base its classifications on?

Answer 2

physical similarities

Question 3

a group of organisms in a classification system is called what?

Answer 3

taxon

Question 4

what is a system that gives each species a two part scientific name using latin words

Answer 4

binomial nomenclature

Question 5

what is the first part of the binomial nomenclature? what is the second part?

Answer 5

genus, species

Question 6

WHICH NAME IS ALWAYS CAPITALIZED?!?

Answer 6

Genus

Question 7

what is a genus

Answer 7

one or more physically similar species that are thought to be closely related

Question 8

what are the levels of Linnaean Classification from biggest so smallest

Answer 8

Kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Question 9

what are Linnaean limitations

Answer 9

created before technology and molecular genetics

physical similarities don’t always mean being closely related

Question 10

what is convergent evolution?

Answer 10

when similar traits can evolve into species that are adapting to similar environmental conditions

Question 11

evolutionary for a group of species is called what?

Answer 11

phylogeny

Question 12

what is the most common way to make an evolutionary Tre

Answer 12

cladistics

Question 13

what is cladistics

Answer 13

the classification based on common ancestry

Question 14

what is the goal of cladistics

Answer 14

to place species in the order in which they descended from a common ancestor

Question 15

what is an evolutionary tree that proposes how many species may be related to each other through common ancestors

Answer 15

cladogram

Question 16

what is a ‘Clade’

Answer 16

group of species that share a common ancestor

Question 17

what are the traits that can be used to figure out evolutionary relationships among a group of species are those that are shared by some species but are not present in others.

Answer 17

derived characters

Question 18

an out group is a group of species that shares ____ derived characters with the other group being studied

Answer 18

no

Question 19

who proposed a new way to measure evolutionary time

Answer 19

Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl

Question 20

What are models that use mutation rates ti measure evolutionary time

Answer 20

molecular clocks

Question 21

the more time that has passed the more _______ will have built up in lineage

Answer 21

Mutation

Question 22

who compared their molecules data with the first appearances of each type of organism and fossil record

Answer 22

Pauling and Zuckerkandl

Question 23

from what is human hemoglobin most different

Answer 23

from species that diverged earliest in evolutionary time

Question 24

What is Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 24

DNA found only in mitochondria, the energy factors of the cells

Question 25

how is mtDNA significant for molecular clocks?

Answer 25

mtDNA mutation rate is 10x faster than nuclear DNA which makes it a good molecular clock for closely related species

Question 26

what is rRNA

Answer 26

Ribosomes, the organelles that manufacture proteins in cells, contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomal RNA is useful for studying distantly related species, such as species that are in different kingdoms or phyla

Question 27

when studying an organism over a long period of time, it is best to use a molecule that has a ______ mutation rate

Answer 27

lower

Question 28

when was a system developed that standardized the way organisms are classified and names? Who did it?

Answer 28

1950, Carolus Linnaeus

Question 29

What are the six kingdoms right now?

Answer 29

``` Animalia plantae Protista Archea Fungi Bacteria ```

Question 30

what is a domain

Answer 30

level of classification above the kingdoms

Question 31

what are the three domains

Answer 31

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 32

what domain includes single called prokaryotes in the kingdom bacteria

Answer 32

Bacteria domain

Question 33

what domain includes single called prokaryotes, but differ from cell walls of bacteria?

Answer 33

Archea Domain

Question 34

where do archaea usually thrive

Answer 34

extremes environments such as deep sea vents, hot geysers, Antarctic water, and salt lakes.

Question 35

What domain includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells

Answer 35

Eukarya

Question 36

what kingdoms are included in eukarya

Answer 36

Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista