Chapter 18 notecards

Question 1

what are one celled microorganism that can only cause infection?

Answer 1

bacteria

Question 2

what is a pathogen?

Answer 2

agent that causes disease

Question 3

why are viruses considered non living things?

Answer 3

because they have to rely on living cells to live themselves. they need living cells to help the, reproduce and make proteins

Question 4

what are infectious particles that can cause disease in plants?

Answer 4

viroids

Question 5

what are viroids made of

Answer 5

single stranded RNA WITHOUT a protien coat

Question 6

what are viroids passed thru?

Answer 6

seeds and pollen

Question 7

what is an infectious particle made only of proteins that can cause proteins to fold incorrectly?

Answer 7

prion

Question 8

prions are unusual because they are infectious yet have ________ genetic material

Answer 8

no

Question 9

what certain diseases are in part of prions

Answer 9

Brain diseases such as mad cow disease

Question 10

What did Dmitri Ivanosky discover

Answer 10

that infected plants aren’t infected by bacterium

Question 11

who built on Dmitri’s work?

Answer 11

Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck

Question 12

what is a single viral particle

Answer 12

virion

Question 13

what is a protein shell that surrounds a virion

Answer 13

capsid

Question 14

what is a protective outer coat of a virus

Answer 14

lipid envelope

Question 15

when can viruses only reproduce??

Answer 15

after they have infected host cells

Question 16

what are viruses reproducing

Answer 16

their genes

Question 17

how does a virus identify its perfect host

Answer 17

by fitting its surface proteins to receptor molecules on the surface of the host cell

Question 18

what are the main viral shapes?

Answer 18

Enveloped, Helical, polyhedral

Question 19

what are viruses that infect bacteria?

Answer 19

bacteriophage

Question 20

viruses that infect eukaryotes enter those cells by what method?

Answer 20

Endocytosis

Question 21

what are the two types of viral infections

Answer 21

lyric and lysogenic

Question 22

what is a lytic infection?

Answer 22

infection pathway in which the host cell bursts

Question 23

what is a lysogenic infection

Answer 23

a phage combines its DNA into the host cells DNA

Question 24

what is the phage DNA inserted into the host cells DNA

Answer 24

prophage

Question 25

in vertebrates, what is the first obstacle that viruses must pass?

Answer 25

skin

Question 26

what do viruses first target in our bodies?

Answer 26

organ or tissue

Question 27

what viral infection is un curable because more than 200 viruses are known to cause it

Answer 27

the common cold

Question 28

what viral infection takes place usually in the winter and is known as the "flu"

Answer 28

influenza

Question 29

what is a rapid outbreak of an infection that affects many people

Answer 29

Epidemic

Question 30

what is a substance that stimulates the Body's own immune response against invasion by microbes

Answer 30

vaccine

Question 31

what viral infection is like influenza but is observed in smaller numbers

Answer 31

SARS

Question 32

what viral infection is a retrovirus

Answer 32

HIV

Question 33

what is a retrovirus?

Answer 33

a virus that contains RNA and uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy

Question 34

what are obligate anaerobes

Answer 34

prokaryotes that cannot live in the presence of oxygen

Question 35

obligate aerobes are what?

Answer 35

organisms that need oxygen in their environments

Question 36

what is a facultative aerobe

Answer 36

prokaryotes that can survive whether oxygen is present or not

Question 37

what are three shapes of bacteria and Archea

Answer 37

rod, spiral, spherical

Question 38

what is a small piece of genetic material that can replicate separately from the prokaryotes main chromosomes

Answer 38

plasmid

Question 39

what is a long, whiplike structure outside of a cell that is used for movement

Answer 39

flagellum

Question 40

what are pili

Answer 40

thinner shorter and more numerous than flagella

Question 41

what is gram positive

Answer 41

has thicker peptidoglycan layer and Stain purple

Question 42

what is gram negative

Answer 42

has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and stain red

Question 43

what is it when prokaryotes can exchange parts of their chromosomes through a hollow bridge of pili to connect two or more cells

Answer 43

conjugation

Question 44

what is a specialized cell with a thick protective wall

Answer 44

endospore

Question 45

how is a endospore made

Answer 45

The bacterium copies it's chromosomes and produces a wall around the copy

Question 46

what is an infectious particle made only of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat?

Answer 46

Virus