Chapter 17 Study Guide Flashcards by Brittany N

What are the 4 Functions of the Respiratory System?

Exchange of gases between the Atmosphere and the Blood
Homeostatic regulation of Body pH
Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
Vocalization (speech,singing)

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What is Vocalization mean?

Air moving across the vocal chords

creating vibrations for speech,singing,

& other forms of communication

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Gases use a _____ _______ that flow from higher to lower pressure during movement?

Pressure Gradient

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Bronichiole diameter of tubes in the airway effect movement by giving what?

Resistance to Flow

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Which energy pathway uses oxygen during ATP production?

Electron Transport System

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Which Energy Pathway produces CO2 during ATP Production?

Citric Acid Cycle

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Homeostatic Regulation of Body pH is refered to as?

THe lungs can alter body Ph by selectively retaining or excreting CO2

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What happens a the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and Blood?

The Body brings in O2 for distribution to the tissues

and elimates CO2 waste produced by metabolism

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What is called when you have an exchange of air between the atmosphere and the Lungs?

Ventilation

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What are the Mechanics of Ventilatioin called?

Breathing

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This refers to the intracellular reaction of Oxygen with organic molecules to produce CO2, H2O, & Engery in the form of ATP

Cellular Respiration

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All are the Stimuli for Altering the Rate of Ventilation, EXCEPT?

(Which one)

Increased CO2
Increased Osmolarity
Decreased Oxygen
Decreased pH

Increased Osmolarity

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This Enzyme Catalyes the conversion of

CO2 + H2O To H2CO3

(which one)

Carbonic Anhydrase
Carbonic ATPase
Dioxidase
Hydrophosphilatase

Carbonic Anhydrase

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Increasing the amount of Carbon Dioxide will ___ the Ph of Body fluids?

(which one)

Decrease
Increase
Have no effect on

Decrease

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Lowering the pH by accumulation of CO2 leads to this state?

Respiratory Acidosis

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What Pump also creates a pressure gradient?

Muscular Pump

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Resistance to Air Flow is Influenced Primarily by what?

The Diameter of the tubes in the airway

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Gas Exchange at the Lungs, as well, at the working tissues and Breathing and the movement of gases through the Bloodstream is referred to as what?

External Respiration

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External respiration can be subdivided into 4 groups, what are they?

Ventilation (breathing)
Exhange of Gases (O2 & CO2 between Lungs & Blood)
Transport of O2 & CO2 by Blood
The exchange of gases between Blood & the Cells

Blood—-> Alveoli

Blood—–> tissues

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Gas _____ is from the Lungs to the working Cells?

Transport

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Gas ______ is into or out of the Blood

Blood—->Alveoli

Blood….> Tissues

Exchange

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What gas comes into the Lungs and at the alveoli it will enter the Blood

at the levels of Tissues it will leave the Blood and go into the Cells?

Oxygen

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What gas leaves the blood and enters the lungs so you can breathe it out?

Carbon Dioxide

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What bones and muscles assit in Ventilation?

Thorax (chest cavity) InnerCostals

abdomen

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Bronchile is covered with what type of muscle?

Smooth Muscle Cells

What does the conducting system do to the air we inhale?

warms & moisturizes

This Alveolar Cell Type is where gas exchange occurs?

Type 1

This Aveolar Cell Type Creates a surfactant that decreases surface tension & increased complaince?

Type 11

In branching in the airways what makes up the conducting System?

The Trachea, Primary Bonchi, Smaller Bronchi, Bronchioles

In branching in the airways what makes up the Exchange Surface?

Respiratory, Bronicholes, Alveoli

What is the Aveoli covered in?

Capillaries

Type 1 Alveolar Cells are responsible for what?

Gas Exchange

Type 2 Alveolar Cells are responsible for what?

Surfactant Production & Secretion onto the inner surface of alveolus

If surfactant decreases what will happen to the Surface Tension?

It will increase compilance

This Alveolar structure removes pathogens, toxins, and debris?

Alveolar Macrophages

This Law states total pressure of mixture of gases is the sum of pressure of individual gases

Dalton's Law

The gases own individual pressure is called _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_? (part of a whole)

Partial Pressure

What do Alveolar Macrophages do?

Remove pathogens, toxins, and debris

The airways have a layer of smooth muscle intheir walls, which enables then to do what?

Constrict or Dilate

In response to pollutants presence in the airways, this will do what to the airways?

Constrict | (minimize their entry to the Lungs)

A demand for air, such as during excerise, this does that to the airways?

Dilate | (Increase Air Flow)

What is the Larynx, Trachea, & Bronchial Tree lined with what cell?

Ciliated Columar Epithelium

What do Ciliated Columnar Epithelium cells do?

Produce mucus & functions as Mucociliary Escaltor

What is the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of pressures of individual gases is what Law?

Dalton's Law

Each gas has its own individual pressure that we refer to it as?

Partial pressure

Gases single or a mixture move from a higer pressure to a lower pressure by what Law?

Dalton's Law

If the volume of a container of gas changes, the pressure of the gas wukk change in an inverse manner, what law does this refer to?

Dalton's Law

What law expresses this inverse relationship between pressure and volume?

Boyle's Law

If you have an increase in volume and decrease in Pressure what Law does this refer to?

Boyle's Law

If you have a decrease in Volume and a increase in Pressure what Law does this refer to?

Boyle's Law

What type of muscle is the diaphragm made up of?

Skeletal Muscle Cells

What is a single respirtatory cycle consist of?

an inspiration followed by an expiration

What device is used for a repsiratory function test?

Spirometer (measures volume of air moved w/ each breath)

What 4 Lung Volumes are involved in air moved during breathing?

1. Tidal Volume 2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume 3. Expiratory Reserve Volume 4. Residual Volume

What are a few things that can considerably vary with Lung Volume?

Age, Sex, Height, & Weight

The Volume of air that moves furing asingle inspiration or expiration is known as?

Tidal Volume | (Quiet Breathing)

The additional volume you inspire above the tidal volume presents what volume?

Inspiratory reserve volume

The amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of normal expiration is referred to as what volume?

Expiratory Reserve Volume

What refers to the volume of air in the respiratory system after maximal exhaltion?

Risidual Volume

What are the Primary Muscles used in Quiet Breathing?

Diaphragm, External innercostals, & scalenes

What muscles are used in force breathing?

The Chest, innercostals, abdomen

Foer air to move into the alveoli pressure inside the lungs must become higher or lower than atmosphere pressure?

Lower

What happens during quiet breathing to the elastic recoil of the arterial membranes?

decrease volume of lungs (alveolar) increase Alveolar pressure

Fibrotic Lung Disease and inadequate surfactant production refer to?

Low complaince restrictive Lung Disease

Bronchoconstriction is mediated by what part of the ANS Branch?

Parasympathetic Neurons with muscarinic receptors or by histamine or leukotrinces

Bronchodilation is mediated how?

CO2, Epinephrine ( beta 2 adrenergic receptors)

What condition causes a collapsed lung that is unable to function normally?

Pneumothorax

what is the name for when a person has increase alveolar PO2 & decrease alveolar PCO2

Hyperventilation

What is the name for when a person has decrease alveolar PO2 and increased alveolar PCO2?

Hypoventilation

The velocity of Air Flow is greatest where?

Uppper Airways

The velocity of Air Flow is the slowest where?

Termianl Bronchioles

An increase in PCO2 of expired air causes the bronchioles to constrict or dilate?

Dilate

A decrease in PCO2 of expired air causes bronchioles to constrict or dilate?

constrict

The resistance of Pulmonary arterioles to Blood Flow is regulated primarily by what?

the oxygen content of the interstitial fluid around the arterioles

The constriction of the Pulmonary Arterioles is the responseto what?

Low PO2

In the systemic circulation a decrease in PO2 of the tissues will cause arterioles to constrict or dilate?

Dilate (deliver more O2 carrying blood to those tissues)

Local control mechanisms are not effective regulators of what?

Air and Blood Flow

Will arterioles adjust to match ventilation true or false?

True

What cells produce mucus?

Globet cells

what has several layers of elastic connective tissue and numerous capillaries?

Pleural membrane

Layers of Pleural membrane are held together by a thin film called what?

Pleural Fluid

What demostrates this kind of relationship when you have a close association of the alveoli with an extensive network of capillaries that link the Respiratory and Cardio Vascular System?

Alveolar-Capillary relationship

(Type 1 or Type 2) alveolar Cells have cuboidal cells secreting a surfactant?

Type 2 Alveolar Cells

Type 1 or Type 2 Alveolar Cells have thin squamous cells which allow for rapid gas diffusion

Type 1 Alveolar Cells

The Alveoli also house a large number of \_\_\_\_\_\_, ready to engulf any invated particles

Macrophages

What is the Alveolar-Capillary relationship?

Moves gases into and out of the blood

The primary place where gas exchange occurs is at the \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Alveoli

These cells in the respiratory system are a major target of covid-19?

Type 1 Alveolar Cells

The main muscle of ventilation is the \_\_\_\_\_\_

diaphragm

The diaphragm is considered skeletal muscle, so it is innervated by _________ neurons?

somatic motor neurons

The abilty for a tissue to stretch is called?

Compliance

The abilty to return form a stretch is called?

Elasticity

What are the 3 Gas Laws that pertain to respiration?

1. Air flows higher to lower 2. presure increases/ volume decreases 3. volume increases when temps increase

Tissues that stretch easily has ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

High Compliance

Tissues that require morte force to stretch has a _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

low compliance

Positive or Negative pressure keeps lung inflated in the pleural cavity?

negative

This is achieved by rythimically changing the volume of the thoracic cavity?

Pulmonary Ventilation

What causes resistance to Air Flow? | (5 total)

1. Length 2. viscosity 3. diameter 4. upper airways 5. bronchioles

An increase in CO2 will lead to a/an (increase or decrease) of hydrogen ions (ph)

increase-------\> acidic

a decrease in CO2 will lead to a/an (increase or decrease) of hydrogen ions (ph)?

decrease---------\> alkaline

an increase or decrease of oxygen will have what effect oh PH?

No effect

What happens when a secretion at the airways is constricted or obstructed

CO2 accumulates no O2 enters the blood CO2 reaches equilibrium increase CO2 blood decrease O2 blood mixes with low CO2 increase O2 in blood affects CO2 pickup thoughout the body

Arterioles will adjust to match ventilation (constrict/Dilate) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_in low ventilation areas?

vasoconstriction

Arterioles will adjust to match ventilation (constrict/dilate)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in high ventilation areas?

Vasodilation