Homework 14

Question 1

The functional unit of the kidney is the

Answer 1

Nephron

Question 2

The cluster of capillaries located inside of Bowman’s capsule is called

Answer 2

Glomerulus

Question 3

This blood vessel directs blood into the glomerulus

Answer 3

Afferent arteriole

Question 4

The name of these vessels reflects that they surround the tubules of the nephron

Answer 4

Peritubular capillaries

Question 5

The small openings or pores in the endothelial cells of the glomerulus are called

Answer 5

Fenestrations.

Question 6

This middle layer of the filter surrounds the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries

Answer 6

Basement membrane (basal lamina)

Question 7

These cells surround the glomerulus and form the outermost layer, the filtration slits, of the glomerular filtration

Answer 7

Podocytes

Question 8

The inside wall of the tubular cell membrane is called

Answer 8

Luminal (apical)

Question 9

The outside wall of the tubular cell membrane is called

Answer 9

Basolateral

Question 10

The area where the thick ascending limb of the loop (near the distal tubul) comes together with the afferent arteriole is called

Answer 10

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 11

These specialized cells serve as baroreceptors in the afferent arteriole

Answer 11

Granular cells

Question 12

These specialized cells monitor sodium chloride content in the filtrate passing through the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle as it’s about to enter the distal tubule

Answer 12

Macula densa cells

Question 13

These collecting duct cells respond to hormones to help regulate water and sodium levels

Answer 13

Principal cells

Question 14

These cells in the collecting duct play an important role in regulating blood pH because they can secrete hydrogen ions into the filtrate

Answer 14

Intercalated cells

Question 15

A mixture of water and small solutes are removed from the blood and move into the nephron during this process

Answer 15

Filtration

Question 16

The fluid that leaves the blood and enters the nephron tubules is called

Answer 16

Filtrete

Question 17

The process of moving substances back to the blood from the nephron is called

Answer 17

Re-absorption

Question 18

The process of moving an individual substance in small amounts from the Peri tubular capillaries into the nephron tubules is called

Answer 18

Secretion

Question 19

The filtration membrane prevents this major portion of the blood from leaving the vessels

Answer 19

Formed elements

Question 20

Large types of these molecules are prevented from being filtered out of the blood

Answer 20

Proteins

Question 21

Filtration is driven by this pressure

Answer 21

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 22

This pressure in bowmans capsule resist the movement of fluid out of the glomerular capillaries

Answer 22

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 23

Plasma proteins contribute to this pressure that resists the movement of fluid out of the capillaries

Answer 23

Colloid osmotic pressure

Question 24

Kidney failure could occur if this pressure in the capillaries didn’t exceed the sum of the other two pressures

Answer 24

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 25

The total amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys each minute is called

Answer 25

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 26

To maintain glomerular filtration rate if systemic blood pressure increases the afferent arteriole must

Answer 26

Constrict

Question 27

The automatic adjustment of blood flow within a localized region in response to current tissue requirements is called

Answer 27

Autoregulation

Question 28

One way to decrease gfrr is to ______ the efferent arteriole

Answer 28

Dilate

Question 29

High NaCl detected by the macula densa cells in the afferent arteriole would lead to this change in the afferent arteriole

Answer 29

Constrict

Question 30

When NaCl this chemical is secreted into the blood by the granular cells

Answer 30

Renin

Question 31

Angiotensin 2 stimulates the efferent arteriole to

Answer 31

Constrict

Question 32

Redirecting or diverting blood flow from one area to another is called

Answer 32

Shunting

Question 33

The sympathetic influence causes all vessels of the kidney to

Answer 33

Constrict

Question 34

This term means across the cell

Answer 34

Transcellular

Question 35

This term means around or between the cells

Answer 35

Para cellular

Question 36

The technical term for the diffusion of water is

Answer 36

Osmosis

Question 37

The reabsorption of water (and the other substances) is driven by the reabsorption of

Answer 37

Sodium

Question 38

Glucose is moved by symport across this membrane

Answer 38

Luminal (apical) membrane

Question 39

Glucose is transported out of the proximal tubule cells by facilitated diffusion across this membrane

Answer 39

Basolateral membrane

Question 40

In the proximal tubule active transport of sodium takes place on this membrane

Answer 40

Basolateral

Question 41

Glucose shows up in the urine when the amount of glucose exceeds this

Answer 41

Transport maximum

Question 42

Up regulation of ion channels and pumps in the principal cells is one of the key actions of this hormone

Answer 42

Aldosterone

Question 43

Insertionn of water channels (aquaporins) in the luminal membrane of the collecting duct cell is the primary action of this hormone

Answer 43

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Question 44

More water channels are needed when a person is

Answer 44

Dehydrated

Question 45

When this hormone binds to its receptor it stimulates a sequence of processes that leads to an increase in the production of ion channels and pumps

Answer 45

Aldosterone

Question 46

When this hormone binds to its receptor it stimulates a chemical Cascade in the Target cell that leads to an insertion of aquaporins in the cell membrane

Answer 46

Vasopressin

Question 47

This hormone would lead to a decrease in total blood volume and consequently a decrease in blood pressure

Answer 47

(atrial) natriuretic peptide

Question 48

This hormone is released from the adrenal cortex

Answer 48

Aldosterone

Question 49

This hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and is secreted into the blood from the posterior pituitary

Answer 49

Vasopressin

Question 50

This hormone is involved in a feedback loop that will lead to an increase in sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

Answer 50

Aldosterone

Question 51

This hormone is involved in a feedback loop that will directly lead to an increase in water re-absorption as it would be needed if a person were dehydrated

Answer 51

Vasopressin

Question 52

This hormone inhibits the release of the other two

Answer 52

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 53

This hormone is also called antidiuretic hormone

Answer 53

Vasopressin

Question 54

Increased osmolarity directly increases the production and release of this hormone

Answer 54

Vasopressin

Question 55

Hyperkalemia stimulates the release of this hormone

Answer 55

Aldosterone

Question 56

Because this is a steroid hormone it will bind to receptors in the cytosol and enter the nucleus to stimulate genetic transcription

Answer 56

Aldosterone