Chapter 18 Study Guide Flashcards by Brittany N

What is the state of too little Oxygen?

Hypoxia

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What is the name when a person has a high concentration of Carbon Dioxide?

Hypercapnia

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What gas is a waste product during the Citric Acid Ccyle?

Carbon Dioxide

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High levels of CO2 causes a state of what?

Acidosis

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Why is it critical in maintaining a pH Homeostasis?

It prevents denaturation of proteins

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In the Respiratory System what mechanism can alter pH?

Ventilation

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What causes a movement of a molecule from a region of higher concentration to Lower concentration?

Diffusion

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When talking about Aveolar gas exchange what gas enters the blood at the Alveolar Capillary Interface?

Oxygen

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In Cellular respiration what gas determines the metabolic production?

CO2

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When talking about Alveolar gas exchange what gas enters the alveoli at the alveolar capilaary interface?

CO2

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If you increase surface area, you will do what to diffusion?

Increase or Dercrease

Increase

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If you increase thickness, this does what to diffusion rate?

Increase or Decrease

Decrease

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If you increase distance you will do what to diffusion rate?

increase or decrease

decrease

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Surface area, over which the gases diffuse is called what?

Diffusion Distance

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What is the name when a person has low arterial O2?

Hypoxic

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Decreased total amount of O2 bound to Hemoglobin is called what?

Anemic Hypoxia

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What is reduced Blood Flow called?

Ishemic Hypoxia

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What is it called when a person cells fail to use O2 because the cells have been poisoned?

Histotoxic Hypoxia

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Dilation of the bronchoioles by relaxing smooth muscle, it will open up the airway and do what to resistance?

decrease resistance

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Constriction of the bronchioles will constrict smooth muscle and this will do what to resistance?

Increase resistance

(making it difficult to breathe)

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Altitude is a main factor that affects what?

Atmospheric Oxygen Content

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If you increase surface area, you will increase capillary ______, which will increase diffusion.

Density

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A diffusion barrier like scar tissue will

speed up or slow down gas exchange?

Slow down

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excess fluid can do what to diffusion distance

between the aveloar air space and blood?

increase the diffusion distance

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what does pulmonary edema do to diffusion distance and gas exchange?

increase diffusion distance and will slow gas exchange

gas exchange in the lungs is fast or slow?

Fast | (RAPID EXCHANGE)

blood flow through pulmonary capillaries moves fast or slow and why?

moves slow because it reaches equilibrium

what are the 3 thigs that affect diffusion of gases?

1. surface area 2. diffusion barrier permeability 3. diffusion distance

what condition leads to destruction of the Aveoli? (means less surface area for gas exchange)

Emphysema

what factors contribute to Emphysema which leads to what?

less surface area loss of elasticity can't recoil back expiration breathing is forced and its labored breathing

what condition leads to accumulationof fluid in the lungs?

Pneumonia

what condition has increased airway resistance but a decreased avleolar ventilation?

Asthma

if gas pressure is higher in the water than in the gaseous phase, the gas molecules will leave or stay i the water?

leave the water

if gas pressure is increased in the gaseous phase than in the water, then the gas will dissolve in the water or leave the water?

dissolve in the water

what is solubility?

the ability to dissolve in a fluid

what gas is more soluble in water? O2 or CO2

CO2

In a solution when O2 is mixed with H2O the concentration is less or more to equilibrium?

Less

In a solution when CO2 is mixed with H2O the concentration is less or more to equilibrium?

If you increase temperature you will do this to the gas movement?

increase movement

The amount iof gas moves based on ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gradient?

partial pressure

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pressure is the sumn of all partial pressure of gases that make up this content?

Atmospheric Pressure

What chemicals and measurements make up Atmospheric Air (Dalton's Law) (4 of them)

1. N2 = 597mmHg 2. O2 = 159mmHg 3. CO2 = 0.3mmHg 4. H2O = 3.7mmHg totaling 760mmHg

What gas diffuses across the Aveolar Epithelial cells and Capillaries Endothelial cells to enter the plasma?

Oxygen

What keeps O2 levels low in red blood cells

Oxygen when O2 binds to hemoglobin, it is no longer free oxygen

The attraction between a protein and a ligand is called what?

Affinity

What is the name when unbinding of a protein and ligand?

Dissociation

When hemoglobin binds to oxygen what is the name that is forms?

Oxyhemoglobin

Name the protein that binds oxygen to the red blood cells?

oxyhemoglobin

What percent of oxygen is attached to hemoglobin?

98% attaches to Hemoglobin

Where is the Hemoglobin located?

Plasma

How many O2 molecules can bind to one hemoglobin?

4 Oxygen molecules

At the working cells i the cellular respiration when hemoglobin an doxygen come together what is the goal?

Decreases Affintiy decrease dissociation decrease saturation

When O2 is transported into the blood what is the goal?

increase affinity decrease dissociation increase saturation

what type of mechanism controls increase affinty, decrease dissociation, increased saturation?

Local Control

What can alter O2 binding affinity?

Changes in Ph, plasma, temperature, & PCO2

Changes in binding affinity are reflected by change in shape of what?

HbO2 Saturation Curve

decrease ph, increase temperatures, increase PCO2 what will happen to the affinity of the hemoglobin for O2 increase or decrease?

Decrease

What 5 Factors affecting HB-O2 bond?

1. ph 2. temperature 3. PCO2 4. PO2 5. 2,3, DPG

lactic acid can alter pH true or false?

true

Carbon Dioxide transport in erythrocytes is converted to what Ion?

Bicarbonate Ion

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the rapid production of HCO3-?

Carbonic Anhydrase (CA)

Dissolved CO2 in the Plasma diffuses into the Red Blood Cells where it can react with water in the presence of this enzyme?

Carbonic Anhydrase

what enzyme helps form a H+ ion and a bicarbonate Ion? ( CO2 + H2O ---CA----\> H+ + HCO3- )

carbonic anhydrase

When Hemoglobin and CO2 come together they form what?

Carbaminohemoglobin

What energy pathway and where in the cells is CO2 Preoduced?

In the cells of the Mitochondria Electron tTansport Pathway

Why is Bicarbonate important?

It is a buffer in Blood and keeps Blood pH within normal ranges.

What is the normal range of Ph level?

7.35-7.45

Excess H+ accumulates in the plasma, causing this conditon known as?

Respiratory Acidosis

What does the Chloride Shioft do at the cells?

Chloride replaces HCO3- in the red blood cells

What happens to the chloride shift at the lungs?

Chloride moves back out at the lungs

When Bicarbonate leaves the blood cells on an antiport protein, this transport process is known as ?

Chloride Shift

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most important extracellular buffer in the body.

Bicarbonate

When Co2 leaves its binging site on the Hemoglobin molecule, CO2 binds with free hemoglobin at exposed amino groups forming what?

Carbaminohemoglobin

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located where?

in carotid artery and aortic bodies

What are the name of the specialized cells that found in the peripheral chemoreceptors?

Glomus Cells

Where and what do Glomus cells sense that can change?

In plasma they sense a change in PO2, H+, & PCO2

Central Chemoreceptors are located where?

Medulla oblongata

What do chemoreceptors help detect?

H+ Ions (from CO2) in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Central chemoreceptors monitor what type of gas in the Cerebospinal fluid?

CO2

what does CO2 immediatley convert to when it enters the Cerebospinal fluid?

CO2

glomus cells can also dectect very low PO2 ( 60mmHg) true or false

true

Minor changes in CO2 & H+ can change what?

Ventialtion rate and depth

skeletal muscle must be initiated by what?

Somatic Motor Neuron

In the respiratory systemn, contraction of the diaphragmn and other muscles is initiated by what?

Spontaneously firing network of neurons in the brain stem

Ventilaton patterns depends on what 3 substances?

CO2, O2, & H+

What type of gas is the primary stimulus for chmages in Ventilation?

CO2

A patient with serve lung disease such as COPD typically have?

Hypercapnia & Hypoxia

When ventilation decreases what gas accumulates i the alveoli and the plasma?

CO2

What is a major protective reflex that the respiratory tract can do?

Bronchoconstriction | (also sneezing and coughing)