Chapter 19 & 20 Study Guide Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
The movement of a mixture of substances from the blood into the nephron is called?
A
Filtration
2
Q
The movement of individual substances from the blood into the nepheon tubule is called
A
secretion
3
Q
The movement of fluid from the nephron tubule back into the blood in called
A
reabsorption
4
Q
This major component of blood that is filtered out of the nephron is
A
plasma
5
Q
All the following can be filtered out of the plasma EXCEPT
- Glucose
- Ions
- Proteins
- Amino Acids
A
- Proteins
6
Q
Filtration takes place here in the nephron
A
Glomerulus
7
Q
Reabsorption takes place at every step along the nephron EXCEPT
1, proximal Tubule
2, Bowman’s Capsule
- Distal Tubule
- Collecting Duct
A
Bowman’s Capsule
8
Q
The fluid that leaves the blood and moves through the nephron tubule is called
A
Filtrate
9
Q
The only location where organic molecules like Glucose and Amino Acids are reabsorbed into the blood is
A
proximal tubule
10
Q
Water, but not solutes, are reabsorbed here
A
decsending limb of the loop of henle
11
Q
These can be secreted from the blood into the filtrate
A
K+ Ions
12
Q
How fast fluid moves from the blood into the Bowman’s Capsule is called the
A
Glomerular Filteration Rate
13
Q
This blood vessel directs blood into the glomerulus
A
Afferent arteriole
14
Q
Substances are reabsorbed into the vessels that surround the nephron tubule
A
peritubular capillaries
15
Q
This hormone is also called “antidiuretic hormone”
A
vasopressin
16
Q
This hormone is secreted by the Adrenal Cortex when potassium levels are high
A
Aldosterone
17
Q
When this hormone is present, the target cells will increase the reabsorption of water
A
vasopressin
18
Q
All of the following are stimuli to alter the rate of Urinary System function EXCEPT
- chnages in osmolarity
- Changes in Blood Pressure
- Changes in temperature
- Changes in Potassium
A
- Temperature
19
Q
The urinary system functions with these 4 things
name them
A
- Filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretions
- Excretion
20
Q
Regulation of the Urinary System involves these two things
A
Autoregulation
&
Hormones influence
21
Q
The regulation of the urinary system invloves what
A
regulation of extracellular fluid vloume
(TBV)
22
Q
Roles of the urinary system involve 2 things bllod pressure and __________.
A
osmolarity
23
Q
Maintaince of the urinary system involves
______ balance and ___ balance.
A
Ion & Ph Balance
24
Q
excretion of wastes is done through the what system
A
urinary system
(excretions of waste comes out in Urine)
25
One of the roles in the urinary system is the production of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Hormones
26
The kidney is divided into two parts
name them
outer cortex
inner (middle) Medulla
27
Urine leaving the nephrons flows into _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ prior to passing through the ureter into the bladder.
renal pelvis
28
The functional unit of the kidney does what?
Filter's Blood
29
Name the hormone that is producd and secreted by the kidney?
Erythropoietin
30
What does erythropoietin stimulate?
Red Blood Cell Production
31
One nephron has ____ arterioles & two sets of _________ that form a portal system.
1. Two Arterioles
2. Two sets of capillaries
32
Name the set of arterioles
1. Afferent arteriole
2. Efferent arteriole
33
Afferent Arteriole goes into the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Glomerulus
34
The Efferent Arteriole exits out of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Glomerulus
35
Where is the location of the filitrate
Glomerulus Capillaries
36
What are the set of Capillaries names ( 2 of them)
1. Peritubule
2. Glomerulus
37
The fluid that leaves the blood at the bowman's capsule is called what?
Filtrate
38
GLomerulus is a bundle of (pores) ________ capillaries.
fenrestrated Capillaires
39
Blood enter
the glomerulus (bowman's capsule) inthe promixal tubule,
the descending limb of the Loop of Henle,
The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle,
The diatal tubule and the collecting duct
40
what Is the movement of fluid from blood into the tubule
Filtration
41
What is taking substances from filtrate back into the blood
Reabsorption
42
Moving individual substances from the blood back into the tubules is called
secretion
43
The formula that the nephron functions by is what?
amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted
equals = the amount excreted
44
what are the 3 major functions of the Nephron?
Filtrate, Reabsorption, Secretion
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a mixture of substances.
Filtration
46
What is called when you have flushing of the substances from the blood to the tubule
filtration
47
What is called when you have to "Fine Tune", individual substances, getting rid of excess ions from the blood into the tubule
secretion
48
what is the name when for what we remove from the body
through the urine?
excretions
49
The only place filtration takes place is where?
Glomerulus
50
name the places reabsorption takes place in the nephron
1. Proximal tubule
2. decsending limb of the Loop of Henle
3. Acsending limb of the looop of henle
4. distal tubule,
5. collecting duct
51
where does excretion take place in the nephron
1. proximal tubule
2. Distal tubule
3. collecting duct
52
is the collecting duct your final content of blood and urine
true or false
true
53
how much urine is excreted from your body per/day
1-2 Liter
54
reabsorption basically means \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
transport
55
Howmuch fluis does the kidney produce daily
180 Liters of filtrate per/day
56
how much fluid is reabsorbed every day
178-179 Liter per/day
57
filtration is the movement of substances out of the ________ and in the nephron tubule.
capilaaries
58
The epithelium around the glomerulus capillaries is modified into what?
podocytes
59
Formed elements and plasma protein
LEAVE OR DON'T LEAVE
the blood?
DON'T LEAVE
60
where can podocytes and mesangial cells be found?
Glomerular capillaries
61
what cells surrounds the capillaries to help then contract and relax?
mesangial cells
62
mesangial cells that surround these and help alter what?
(2 answers)
1. capillaries
2. (alter) Blood Flow through the capillaries
63
what do mesangial cells secrete
cytokines
64
Mesangial cells can help with ______ response.
immune
65
what cells help to maintain the basement membrane
mesangial cells
66
What are fenestrated capillaires
A site of filtration
67
Fenestrated capillaries are located where?
inside the Bowman's Capsule
| (aka glomerular capsule)
68
Glomerular filter has 3 layers of filtration can you name them from innermost out?
1. fenestration
2. basal lamina
3. filtration slits (formed by podocytes)
69
does basal lamina have a negative or a postive charge
negative charge
70
filteration slits are formed by posocytes, _____ of opening limits what can move through
size
71
waht ion can fit through the basal lamina because of its size?
chloride
72
Net filtration depends on what 3 pressures?
1. Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
2. Colloid Osmotic Pressure
3. Bowman's capsule (hydrostatic pressure)
73
How rapid we make filtrate is called?
Glomerulus Filtration rate
74
What category of proteins is responsible for maintaing the osmolarity of blood?
Albumins
75
Pressure that pushes outward against the walls into one direction is what kind of pressure?
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
76
what kind of pressure is in capillary is osmotic drawing on fluid into the capillary?
colloid osmotic pressure
77
what resist movement of fluid into the capsule, what is the name of this pressure?
Bowman's Capsule Fluid
| (Hydrostatic Pressure)
78
What is in the blood that acts like osmotically active solutes?
Albumins
79
What is the name of the pressure that has to exceed the sum of the other 2 pressures, in order to have filtrate?
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
80
Filtration depends on what kind of pressure, and is opposed by colloid osmotic pressure and capsule fluid pressure?
Capillary Hydrostatic pressure
81
Albumins are produced in \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Liver
82
resistance changes in renal arterioles will alter what?
Renal Blood Flow and Glomerulus Filtration Rate
83
what happens to GFR when blood enters the Afferent Arteriole undergoes vasoconstriction?
increase resistance
decrease renal blood flow
decrease capillary BP (decreases PH) and decreases GFR
84
what happens to GFR when blood enters the Afferent Arteriole undergoes vasodilation?
increases GFR
85
what happens to the GFR when blood exits the efferent arteriole
vasodilates?
decrease GFR
86
what happens to the GFR when blood exits the efferent arteriole vasoconstriction
increased GFR
87
What happens to GRF during hydration status
low GRF
kidney failure
88
what percentage is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
60-70%
89
reabsorption takes place where in the nephron?
peritubular capillary
loop of henle
distal tubule
collecting duct
90
transport out of the lumen into the peritubular capillaries happens these two ways?
transepithelial transport
paracellular transport
91
what is the name when substances cross both the apical and basolateral membrane?
transepithelial transport
92
what side is the apical membrane on?
lumen side
93
what side is the basolateral membrane on?
extracellular side
94
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pathway is substances pass through the junctions between adjacent cells?
paracellular
95
where are organic molecules reabsorbed?
proximal tubule
96
what substances are reabsorbed at the proximal tubule?
water and ions
| ( Na+, Cl-, Bicarbonate, K+ )
97
organic molecules like glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by this process?
transporter
98
transporters are limited in rate of transport, small proteins get reabsorbed by what process?
Endocytosis
99
on the descending limb of Henle what is only reabsorbed?
water
100
As water is removed from the Loop of Henle, filtrate becomes more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
concentrated
101
how is water transported?
osmosis
102
normal OSM of Blood is?
290-300 mosm
103
what does the ascending loop of henle reabsorbs?
only solutes
| (Na+, K+, CL-)
104
as solutes are removed, what does this do to the cooncentration?
it becomes less concentrated
105
By the end of the loop up to what percentage of filtrate has been reasborbed?
80-90%
106
Will osmolarity in descending limb increase or decrease?
increases
solutes are stuck and water is lost
107
what happens to the osmolarity in the ascending limb will it be increased or decreased?
decreases
because water is kept and solutes move out
108
reabsorption at the distal tubule only reabsorbs what substances?
water and ions
109
what percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed by the end of the distal tubule
95%
110
what is reabsorbed at the collecting duct?
water and ions
111
as siltrate moves up the ascending limb it keeps water but loses solutes, what happens to the osmolarity as it goes up the ascending limb?
decreases
112
How is Na+ transported on the luminal membrane?
1. type of transport
2. type of transporter
1. simple diffusion
2. channel protein
uniport
113
how is Na+ transported on the basaolateral membrane?
1. type of transport
2. transporter
1. primary active transport
2. co-transport
antiport
114
The cells that make the walls of the proximal tubule all have these type of transporters?
SGLT
sodium/Glucose Transporter
115
what are the 3 things that make up secondary active transport?
1. one substance moving against their gradient
2. it is not using ATP at the site
3. completely dependent on the use of Na+/K+ pump
116
On the basolateral membrane side what is pump is the primary active transport?
Na+/K+ pump
117
reabsorption transport rate has a limit called what?
transport maximum
118
transport maximum is
transport rate of saturation
119
Saturation get excreted into the what?
urine
120
if glucose doesnt get reabsorbed in this tubule it will continue through to the urine?
promixal convoulted tubule
121
small proteins are transpotered by this process
transocytosis
122
amino acids use co-transport with this ion
(same mechanism as glucose)
sodium
123
reabsorption in the descending loop is highly permable to ______ not \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
higly oermable to water
not to solutes
124
why would water leave the loop of henle?
to change osmolarity
125
thin ascending limb (first part) has active transport of these ions, and it follows by electrochemical gradient?
Na+ CL-
imperable to water
changes osmolarity in interstital fluid
126
what happen in the lopp of henle is what creates ______ gradient
osmotic
127
in the loop of henle the osmotic gradient is
high or low
1. cortex
2. medulla
1. cortex=low
2. medulla= high
128
reabsorption in the descending limb is highly permable to _____ and not to \_\_\_\_\_\_.
highly permeable to water
ions
129
why do ions move across the basolateral membrane?
antions are attracted to the postive charge of Na+
130
what is the name that means their are 2 currents moving in oppisite directions, against current
countercurrent
131
what system creates and maintains osmotic gradient in the renal medulla?
(important for fine tuning the collecting duct)
countercurrent Multipulier System
132
define
1. countercurrent=
2. multiplier=
1. flows in opposite directions
2. changes osmolarity
133
what does the countercurrent exchanger do?
filtrates in tubule and blood in the peritubular (vasa recta) moves in opposites directions
134
what does the exchange in countercurrent exchangeer mean
water will leave the filtrate by osmosis is taken up by the peritubular capillaries that run parallel to the loop of henle
135
what does the exchanger prevent?
water from diluting the interstitial fluid
136
when you move individual substances from the blood to the filtrate what is called?
secretion
137
where does secretion take place
proximal tubule, distal tubule, and collecting duct
138
why would we want to remove H+ ions out of the blood and put into the filtrate?
to prevent acidosis
139
what is secreted in the proximal tubule?
H+ (Ph regulation)
K+
140
primary role of glomerulus?
filtration
141
primary function within the proximal convoluted tubule?
reabsorption 60-7-% of filtrate
all organic molecules most Na+ and water reaborbed
142
what is the loop of henle's primary role?
reabsorption of water, Na+, Cl-
143
Distal convoluted tubule what takes place here?
(early segment)
active transport of Na+ continues
impermeable to water
(late segment)
permaebale to water
some hormone influence
144
fluid from many nephrons collect here?
renal pelvis
