Chapter 18

Question 1

Two components about scientific theories

Answer 1

Theories are a pattern and a process

Question 2

Typological thinking

Answer 2

Thinking that all animals come from god and unchanging
Plato- Came up with the idea
Aristotle- Made an heigharchy

Question 3

Population Thinking

Answer 3

Thinking that populations change change over time due to many factors that affect fitness (Darwin and Wallace)

Question 4

Paradigm Shfit

Answer 4

A new found information that completley changes how people think about a certain topic

Question 5

Evidences for evolution

Answer 5

Fossil Records, Geologic Time Scale, Radiometric dating

Question 6

Stratigraphy

Answer 6

Usignt he position of layers to determine age of fossils

Question 7

Law of Succesion

Answer 7

Fossils are very familioar to todays species

Question 8

Transitional Features

Answer 8

Features that are similar in present and ancestors

Question 9

Vestigial Traits

Answer 9

Traits that are found in present organisms that have no real purpose now

Question 10

Phylogenic Tree

Answer 10

A diagram that illustrats ancestory

Question 11

Homology

Answer 11

Similarities between you and past acnestors (3 ways)
Genetic: How similar your genes are to ancestors
Developmental: How similar your embryo development are to ancestors
Structural Homology: How similar your structure are to ancestors

All of these can interact with eachother (Genes determine embryo; embryo determine structure etc.)

Question 12

Speciation

Answer 12

Process of creating an new species

Question 13

Internal Consistency

Answer 13

Data from different sources that support a theory

Question 14

Forces that contribute to natural selection

Answer 14

1. populations have varitiy in traits
2. Some traits are hertible
3. In each generation ore organisms are produced than can survive
4. Induviduals with more favorable traits are more likely to survive

Question 15

Evolution

Answer 15

Change in allel frequencies of a population overtime

Question 16

Fitness

Answer 16

Ability for an induvidual to duruve to produce viable offsprings

Question 17

Adaptation vs. Acclimation

Answer 17

An adaptation comes from a heritble trait while acclimation comes from a change in phenotype

Question 18

Misconceptions about evolutions

Answer 18

-Organisms are not like pokemon and they randomly change during their life
-Acclimation is not and adaptation
-Evolution is goal oriented
-There is no perfect organisms

Question 19

Argument for alturism in nature

Answer 19

Species with alturistic tendecies do not survive to reproduce offspring and selfish tendencies are rewarded.

Question 20

Fitness Trade off

Answer 20

A change in trait that affects one aspect of an induviduals fitness, but overall improves the fitness of an organism.

Question 21

Constraints on natural selection

Answer 21

Non adaptive traits- vestigial and silent mutations
Genetic Constraits- One good trait can negativley affect another trait
Fittness Tradeoffs- u know this one
Historical constraints

Question 22

What is a species

Answer 22

an evolutionary independent population

Question 23

Three concepts of indentitfying a species

Answer 23

Biological Species concept: Prezygotic and Postzygotic barriers
Morphological Species Concept: Differences in phenotype
Phylogenic Species Concept: Identifies species based on ancestory

Question 24

Hangups on all three

Answer 24

Biological: cannot be used for asexual or fossils
Morphological: There are cryptic species and polymorphic species
Phylogenic: There are few well-estimated phylogenic trees

Question 25

synapomorphies

Answer 25

A shared common trait that is used to distinguish between ancestor and present organisms

Question 26

Monophyletic group

Answer 26

an ancestral population plus all of its descendants

Question 27

Allopatric vs Sympatric speciation

Answer 27

Allopatric is speciation in an isolated region while sympatric was speciation in a shared region

Question 28

Allopatric types

Answer 28

Dispersal: Population migrates Variance: Physical splitting of habitat

Question 29

Sympatric types

Answer 29

External: events from environment speciate organisms (disruptive selection based on niches) Internal: events from internal environment speciate organisms (chromosomal mutation)

Question 30

Sympatric by Internal events

Answer 30

Polyploidy: The condition of having a wrong ammount of ploidy Autopolyploidy: Ploidy change due to mutations Allopolyploidy: Hybrid offspring has errors in mitosis causing polyploidy

Question 31

Reinforcement

Answer 31

Traits that pervent/discourage inter-species offsprings

Question 32

Phaneozoric era

Answer 32

542mya to present

Question 33

Palezoic

Answer 33

Initial diversification of animals (permain exctintion)

Question 34

Mesozoic

Answer 34

Gymnosperms and dinosuars

Question 35

Cenozic

Answer 35

Mammals and angiosperms domintae (persent)

Question 36

Cambrain explosion

Answer 36

1st animal saround 635 mya

Question 37

Cambrain explosion

Answer 37

1st animal saround 635 mya ajnd was cuased by high O2 levels, Predation, and many new niches

Question 38

Permian exctintion

Answer 38

Largest extinction event (90% of all life died)

Question 39

Cretaceous Extinction

Answer 39

Large meteor destroyed all dinsouars (60-70% of life)

Question 40

K-T boundary

Answer 40

Associated with the Cretaceous Extinction and It is a layer of sediment that is used to determine if a fossil was before or after the the Cretaceous Extinction