Chpater 22

Question 1

How are archea and bacteria distinguished?

Answer 1

Molecular components of membranes and cell walls
Methods to transcribe DNA and central dogma

Question 2

Oldest evidence of life

Answer 2

Around 3.5 billion years ago and found in a thing called stromatolites formed from microbial mats

Question 3

Stromatolites

Answer 3

Rocks that hold bacterial fossils

Question 4

Virulence

Answer 4

The ability to cause disease

Question 5

Endospores

Answer 5

Dormant structures formed during stressful periods
Used for survivability

Question 6

Biofilms

Answer 6

Colonies of bacteria entangled by a polysaccharide rich matrix
Used for survivability

Question 7

Bubonic Plague

Answer 7

Caused by bacterium/necrosis

Question 8

Zoonoses

Answer 8

Animal diseases that can infect humans

Question 9

Necrotizing fasciitis

Answer 9

Example of a Zoonoses

Question 10

MRSA

Answer 10

Methicillin resistant staph-aureus’

Super bug

Question 11

Benefits of archea and prokaryotes

Answer 11

Explain origin of life
Search for ET?
Enzymes for industry
Consumption items
Bioremediation

Question 12

Antibiotics

Answer 12

Things that kill bacteria and stop them from growing

Produced by soil and fungi

Question 13

Extemophiles

Answer 13

Bacteria that can live in extreme conditions

Question 14

Human gut extremophiles

Answer 14

Live in very acidic conditions so they can metabolize things in our stomach

Gained from diet and are essential to normal bodily functions

Question 15

Hydrothermal vent extermophiles

Answer 15

Live under high pressure, temp, and chemicals

Have unique metabolism pathways due to the chemicals present and lack of O2

Question 16

Gram positive vs Gram negative

Answer 16

The main difference between is the presence of petidoglycan and the location of it in the cell membrane/cell wall

Question 17

Gram positive

Answer 17

High peptidoglycan

Outer layer of peptidoglycan and inner layer of plasma membrane (Lipoteichoic acids h attach them together)

Question 18

Gram negative

Answer 18

The outer and inner membrane are plasma and a small middle peptidoglycan wall in the center

(Lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins anchor each part together)

Question 19

Energy acquisition methods

Answer 19

1. Photoautotrophs
2. Chemoorganotrophs
3. Chemolithotrophs

Question 20

Photoautotrophs

Answer 20

Uses light to get energy

Question 21

Chemoorganotrophs

Answer 21

Oxidize organic molecules with high PE

Question 22

Chemolithotroph

Answer 22

Oxidize inorganic molecules with high PE

Question 23

Cyanobacteria

Answer 23

Photoautotrophs that created the initial O2 environment \
Gram negative

Question 24

Brad’s and good w/ Cyanobacteria

Answer 24

BAds: Toxins
Goods: forms symbiotic relationship w/ fungi and helps in carbon cycle

Question 25

Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 25

The recycling of nitrogen throughout the ecosystem (Take a look at the figure in slides)

Question 26

Dead zones

Answer 26

A dangerous zone that causes organisms to die because there is a lack of oxygen

Question 27

Carbon cycle

Answer 27

How carbon cycles in the environment (Look at graph in chapter 23)

Question 28

What are microbial mats?

Answer 28

- first mats were found from hydrothermal vents - A large section of biofilm

Question 29

Why can’t most prokaryotes be cultured?

Answer 29

For the most part it is caused by a lack of knowledge of their growing conditions etc., but There is a state called viable but not cultureable that is a response to environmental stressed

Question 30

What is resuscitation

Answer 30

The process of a cell going from VBNC state to it’s “normal” life

Question 31

Phospholipids in bacteria vs Archaea

Answer 31

The phospholipid bilayer in bacteria is separate in two parts while Archaea is one long chain

Question 32

Three ways that introduce genetic diversity into prokaryotes

Answer 32

1. Transformation 2. Transduction 3. Conjugation

Question 33

Transformation

Answer 33

Environmental DNA is incorporated into bacteria

Question 34

Transduction

Answer 34

Bacteriophage introduces their DNA into bacteria

Question 35

Conjugation

Answer 35

DNA is shared from Prokaryote to Prokaryote

Question 36

Nitrogen fixation

Answer 36

Gas nitrogen to usuable nitrogen

Question 37

Ammonification

Answer 37

Ammonia is released during the decomposition of organic compounds

Question 38

Nitrification

Answer 38

Ammonium to nitrite/nitrate

Question 39

Denitrification

Answer 39

Reduced nitrate to gaseous compounds

Question 40

Archaea vs Bacteria

Answer 40

Archaea has no petidoglycan while bacteria does

Question 41

3 ways to study bacteria

Answer 41

1. Cultures 2. Metagenomics 3. Human micro biome