Cardiovascular System
Composed of blood vessels (carry blood TO and FROM all regions of the body), heart (pumps the blood). Closed circuit and aka circulatory. FUNCTION: BRINGS tissues with oxygen and nutrients. Carries AWAY carbon dioxide and waste products.
Lymphatic System
CONSIST OF THE= lymph vessels: (roughly parallel to blood vessels). Lymph nodes: (cluster at body sites like groin, neck, armpit, and intestines), and the spleen.
Defenses of these systems
CVS is highly protected from microbial infection. The microbes that do get in have access to every part of the body. Bloodstream infections=SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS.
Defenses of these systems continued
Multiple defenses against infection. 5k-10k WBC per mL of blood. Lymphocytes: specific. Phagocytes=nonspecific. Few microbes can survive the blood, many organisms evolved in ways to avoid the defenses of the blood.
Medical conditions ending with
-emia (IN THE BLOOD)
Viremia: presence of viruses
Fungemia: presence of fungi
Bacteremia: presence of bacteria
Septicemia (sepsis): bacteria GROWING and FLOURISHING in the blood.
Septic Shock
Cascading immune responses to septicemia resulting in decreased blood pressure.
Normal Biota of the CVS and LS
Since they are both closed systems (no access to the external environment), there is not normal biota. In an absence of disease, microorgs MAY be there but the LS filters out microbes and their products from tissues. In a healthy state, NO MICROORGS COLONIZE.
Malaria: Cause and signs/symptoms
Dominant PROTOZOAN DISEASE. Signs/Symptoms: 10 day incubation (malaise, fatigue, vague aches, nausea, maybe diarrhea, chills, fever, sweating)
a. Falciparum Malaria
Persistent fever, cough, and weakness for weeks w/o relief. Hemolytic anemia caused. Organ enlargement and rupture occurs from cellular debris that builds up in the spleen, liver, and kidneys.
b. Cerebral Malaria
One of the MOST SERIOUS complications of falciparum malaria. Small blood vessels in the brain become blocked due to RBSs sticking to the vessel walls. The decrease in oxygen to the brain can lead to coma or death.
b. Cerebral Malaria
One of the MOST SERIOUS complications of falciparum malaria. Small blood vessels in the brain become blocked due to RBSs sticking to the vessel walls. The decrease in oxygen to the brain can lead to coma or death.
Causative agent of Malaria(s)
PLASMODIUM (remember protozoan). 4 species: P. malaria, P. vivax, P. falciparum, and P. ovale which all show variations in pattern and severity. TWO PHASES OF THE MALARIAL PARASITE: asexual= carried out in the human and sexual=carried out in the mosquito.
Prevention of Malaria
WHO have tried to eradicate with help by the UN Global Malaria Action Plan. HOW PREVENTION IS ATTEMPTED: eliminate standing water which can be breeding sites and spray insecticides to reduce to population of adult mosquitos. Introducing sterile male mosq. to reduce populations.
Human prevention of Malaria
Use nets, screens, repellants. Stay inside at night and take weekly doses of antimalarial drugs.
Beginnings of treatment for Malaria
Use of bed nets has tripled. BEST PROTECTION could come from a vaccine but its a struggle to develop one. Estimate that the parasite has 5.3k antigens and there are PLASMODIUM RESISTANT MOSQUITOES
Medical treatment of Malaria
QUININE: long been the mainstay of treatment
Chloroquine in the LEAST toxic type and used in nonresistant forms. Mefloquine/pyrimethamine+sulfadoxine are used where resistant strains of P.falciparum and P.vivax predominate. ARTEMISININ: a plant compound that has been MOST effective although resistance has been found.
HIV Infection and AIDS
CAUSATIVE AGENT: Retrovirus in the genus Lentivirus. Retroviruses have the potential to cause cancer. Often fatal. Capable of altering the host’s DNA.
CONTAIN REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE (RT): Catalyzes the replication of double-stranded DNA from the single-stranded RNA.
Signs and Symptoms
Spectrum of clinical S&S associated with HIV. Symptoms are directly linked to the LEVELS of virus and LEVELS of T-cells in the blood.
Signs and Symptoms
Spectrum of clinical S&S associated with HIV. Symptoms are directly linked to the LEVELS of virus and LEVELS of T-cells in the blood. INITIAL SYMPTOMS: Fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, and neurological changes. Opportunistic infections or noeplasms (cancer).
HIV and AIDS pathogenesis and virulence factors: VIRAL LIFE CYCLE
- HIV enters a mucous membrane or the skin and travels to dendritic cells beneath the epithelium.
- Virus grows inside the dendritic cell and is shed w/o killing the cell.
- Virus is amplified in the skin, lymph organs, bone marrow, and blood.
- Virus infects AND destroys T&B monocytes and macrophages
HIV and AIDS transmission
HIV is mainly transmitted through sexual intercourse. Semen and vaginal secretions harbor free virus and infected WBCs. Also:
- transfer of blood or blood products
- babies (infected before or during birth or via breastfeeding)
- NOT THROUGH SALIVA
HIV/AIDS prevention
Avoidance of sexual contact with those infected, be safe via protection when having intercourse, avoid intravenous drug use.
Cure/treatment of HIV/AIDS?
The uninfected or newly infected can benefit from antiretrovirals in terms of progression rates to AIDS. Vaccines are tricky because the antigens mutate rapidly. HAART. NO CURE.
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the endocardium, aka, the inner lining of the heart. Often refers to the valves.
