Chapter 18: Infectious Diseases Affecting the CVS and Lymphatic System Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
Defenses of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
A
- 5,000 – 10,000 leukocytes per milliliter of blood
- lymphocytes: specific immunity
- phagocytes: critical to specific and nonspecific response
2
Q
Septic Shock
A
cascading immune responses to septicemia resulting in decreased blood pressure
3
Q
Which of the following terms refers to bacteria flourishing and growing in the bloodstream?
A.fungemia
B.bacteremia
C.septicemia
D.viremia
E.All of the choices are correct.
A
C. septicemia (key word is flourishing)
4
Q
The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, being “closed” systems, are always completely sterile.
A.True
B.False
A
A. True
5
Q
Malaria’s signs and symptoms
A
- malaise, fatigue, vague aches, and nausea with or without diarrhea
- chills, fever, and sweating
6
Q
Causative agent of malaria
A
Protozoa from the genus Plasmodium
7
Q
Length of Malaria incubation period
A
10 days
8
Q
The four protozoa responsible for malaria
A
- P. malariae
- P. vivax
- P. falciparum
- P. ovale
9
Q
Two distinct phases of malarial parasite devt.
A
- asexual phase carried out in the human ( are the primary vertebrate hosts)
- sexual phase, carried out in the mosquito
10
Q
Prevention is attempted via
A
- elimination of standing water that can serve as breeding sites
- spraying of insecticides to reduce populations of adult mosquitoes
- releasing sterile male mosquitos
11
Q
Humans can reduce their risk by…
A
- using netting, screens, and repellants
- remaining indoors at night
- taking weekly doses of antimalarial drugs
- Western travelers to endemic areas are usually prescribed antimalarials for the duration of their trip
12
Q
True or False: The Malaria vaccine is an effective way of treating malaria
A
False - a vaccine does not exist still
13
Q
Quinine
A
longest used malaria treatment
14
Q
Chloroquine
A
- the least toxic type of malarial treatment,
- is used in nonresistant forms of the disease
15
Q
mefloquine or pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine (Fansidar)
A
Malarial treatments used where resistant strains of P. falciparum and P. vivax predominate
16
Q
Artemisinin
A
- a plant compound, has been most effective in treating malaria
- although resistance has been found in Cambodia
17
Q
falciparum malaria (signs and symptoms)
A
- persistent fever, cough, and weakness for weeks without relief
- hemolytic anemia from lysed red blood cells
- organ enlargement and rupture due to cellular debris that accumulates in the spleen, liver, and kidneys
18
Q
Cerebral Malaria
A
- One of the most serious complications of falciparum malaria
- small blood vessels in the brain become obstructed due to RBCs adhering to blood vessel walls
- decrease in oxygen in the brain can cause coma and death
19
Q
Symptoms of HIV are directly tied to two things
A
- the levels of virus in the blood
- the levels of T-cells in the blood
20
Q
Causative agent of HIV/AIDS
A
- HIV is a retrovirus in the genus Lentivirus
- retroviruses have the potential to cause cancer
- often fatal diseases
- capable of altering the host’s DNA
21
Q
Reverse Transcriptase
A
catalyzes the replication of double-stranded DNA from single-stranded RNA
22
Q
Viral Life Cycle
A
- HIV enters a mucous membrane or the skin and travels to dendritic cells beneath the epithelium
- virus grows inside the dendritic cell and is shed without killing the cell
- virus is amplified in the skin, lymph organs, bone marrow, and blood
- virus infects and destroys T & B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages
23
Q
True or False: HIV can be transmitted through saliva
A
False
24
Q
Highest rates of transmission are among…
A
adolecents and young adult women
25
HIV Prevention
* abstaining from sex
* barrier protection
* avoid intravenous drugs
26
Possible HIV treatment
* antiretrovirals
* can prevent progression of AIDS
* HAART
* reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus protease inhibitors
* Fuzeon
* nonnuceloside RT inhibitors
27
Obstacles in the way of HIV vaccine
* surface antigens mutate rapidly
* not completely controlled by immune responses
28
Virulence factors of HIV
* attatchment
* syncytia formation
* reverse transcriptase
* high mutation rate
29
Endocarditis
* Inflammation of the endocardium, or inner lining of the heart
* most often refers to an infection of the valves of the heart, the mitral valve, or the aortic valve
30
Causative agents of Endocarditis
* **Staphylococcus auereus**
* most common
* Streptococcus pyogenes
* Streptococcus pneumoniae
* Neiserria gonorrhoeae
31
Penumonic Plague
respiratory disease
32
Bubonic Plague
* infection causes inflammation and necrosis of the node, resulting in a swollen lesion called a **bubo**, usually in the groin or axilla
* bacterium injected by flea into lymph and filtered by lymph node
33
Causative agent of the bubonic plague
* Yersinia pestis
* tiny, gram-negative rod
34
Treatment of bubonic plague
streptomycin or gentamicin
35
Prevention of bubonic plague
* flea/and or animal control
* vaccine for at-risk individuals
36
Virulence factors of bubonic plague
* Capsule
* yop system
* plasminogen activator
37
Lyme Disease
* Neuromuscular and rheumatoid arthritis
* rash at the site of a tick bite
* Other early symptoms are fever, headache, stiff neck, and dizziness
38
Causative agent of Lyme Disease
* Borrelia burgdorferi
* large spirochetes, transmitted primarily by hard ticks of the genus *Ixodes*
39
Treatment of Lyme Disease
* **doxycycline** and **amoxicillin** is effective in early therapy
* **ceftriaxone** and **penicillin** are used in late Lyme disease therapy
40
Infectious Mononucleosis
* Lymphatic system disease
* often called “mono” or “the kissing disease”
41
Causative agent of mononucleosis
* Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
* a member of the herpesvirus family
* Can be caused by a number of viruses or bacteria
42
Hermorrhagic Fever Diseases
A number of agents that **infect the blood and lymphatics** cause extreme fevers, some of which are accompanied by internal hemorrhaging
43
Ebola
* in humans is caused by four of five viruses of the genus Ebolavirus,
* filamentous infectious viral particles (virions)
* encode their genome in the form of **single-stranded RNA of the filovirus**
44
. Marburg Fevers-Marburg FV
* a genetically unique zoonotic (or animal-borne) RNA virus of the filovirus family
* bats
* caused by Marburg virus
45
Lassa Fever
* an acute viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus, family *Arenaviridae*
* a single-stranded RNA virus and is zoonotic
* rat
46
Brucellosis (non-hemorrhagic)
* a genus of Gram-negative bacteria
* Also known as Malta fever caused by Brucella sps
* live in phagocytic cells & carry the bacteria to the bloodstream
47
Q Fever (non-hemorrhagic)
* a small Gram-negative bacterium
* caused by **Coxiella burnetii**
* Abrupt onset of fever, chills, head, and muscle ache, and occasionally a rash; Harbor in a wide assortment of vertebrates and arthropods.
48
Anthrax
* Causes disease in the lungs and the skin
* Multiplies in large numbers in the blood
* ***Bacillus anthracis***
* gram-positive, endospore-forming rod in soil, among the largest of all pathogens
49
True or False: Robert Koch used anthrax as a model
for developing his postulates in 1877
True
50
True or False: Louis Pasteur used the disease to prove
the usefulness of vaccination
True
51
Anthrax Meningitis
anthrax infection in the CNS
52
Anthrax transmission
* Animals become infected while grazing on grass contaminated with spores
* pathogen is returned to the soil in animal excrement or carcasses
* sporulates become a long-term reservoir of infection
53
Humans should be vaccinated for anthrax if...
* they have occupational contact with livestock, or products such as hides or bone
* they are members of the military
54
Treatment for Anthrax
* Penicillin
* doxycycline
* ciprofloxacin
55
HIV is primarily transmitted through
A.homosexual intercourse.
B.heterosexual intercourse.
C.nonsterile needles.
D.blood products.
E.mother-to-infant transmission.
B. Heterosexual intercourse
