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Microbiology Final > Chapter 18: Infectious Diseases Affecting the CVS and Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Infectious Diseases Affecting the CVS and Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Defenses of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

A
  • 5,000 – 10,000 leukocytes per milliliter of blood
  • lymphocytes: specific immunity
  • phagocytes: critical to specific and nonspecific response
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2
Q

Septic Shock

A

cascading immune responses to septicemia resulting in decreased blood pressure

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3
Q

Which of the following terms refers to bacteria flourishing and growing in the bloodstream?

A.fungemia
B.bacteremia
C.septicemia
D.viremia
E.All of the choices are correct.

A

C. septicemia (key word is flourishing)

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4
Q

The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, being “closed” systems, are always completely sterile.

A.True
B.False

A

A. True

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5
Q

Malaria’s signs and symptoms

A
  • malaise, fatigue, vague aches, and nausea with or without diarrhea
  • chills, fever, and sweating
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6
Q

Causative agent of malaria

A

Protozoa from the genus Plasmodium

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7
Q

Length of Malaria incubation period

A

10 days

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8
Q

The four protozoa responsible for malaria

A
  1. P. malariae
  2. P. vivax
  3. P. falciparum
  4. P. ovale
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9
Q

Two distinct phases of malarial parasite devt.

A
  1. asexual phase carried out in the human ( are the primary vertebrate hosts)
  2. sexual phase, carried out in the mosquito
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10
Q

Prevention is attempted via

A
  1. elimination of standing water that can serve as breeding sites
  2. spraying of insecticides to reduce populations of adult mosquitoes
  3. releasing sterile male mosquitos
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11
Q

Humans can reduce their risk by…

A
  • using netting, screens, and repellants
  • remaining indoors at night
  • taking weekly doses of antimalarial drugs
  • Western travelers to endemic areas are usually prescribed antimalarials for the duration of their trip
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12
Q

True or False: The Malaria vaccine is an effective way of treating malaria

A

False - a vaccine does not exist still

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13
Q

Quinine

A

longest used malaria treatment

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14
Q

Chloroquine

A
  • the least toxic type of malarial treatment,
  • is used in nonresistant forms of the disease
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15
Q

mefloquine or pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine (Fansidar)

A

Malarial treatments used where resistant strains of P. falciparum and P. vivax predominate

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16
Q

Artemisinin

A
  • a plant compound, has been most effective in treating malaria
    • although resistance has been found in Cambodia
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17
Q

falciparum malaria (signs and symptoms)

A
  • persistent fever, cough, and weakness for weeks without relief
  • hemolytic anemia from lysed red blood cells
  • organ enlargement and rupture due to cellular debris that accumulates in the spleen, liver, and kidneys
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18
Q

Cerebral Malaria

A
  • One of the most serious complications of falciparum malaria
  • small blood vessels in the brain become obstructed due to RBCs adhering to blood vessel walls
  • decrease in oxygen in the brain can cause coma and death
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19
Q

Symptoms of HIV are directly tied to two things

A
  1. the levels of virus in the blood
  2. the levels of T-cells in the blood
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20
Q

Causative agent of HIV/AIDS

A
  • HIV is a retrovirus in the genus Lentivirus
    • retroviruses have the potential to cause cancer
    • often fatal diseases
    • capable of altering the host’s DNA
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21
Q

Reverse Transcriptase

A

catalyzes the replication of double-stranded DNA from single-stranded RNA

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22
Q

Viral Life Cycle

A
  1. HIV enters a mucous membrane or the skin and travels to dendritic cells beneath the epithelium
  2. virus grows inside the dendritic cell and is shed without killing the cell
  3. virus is amplified in the skin, lymph organs, bone marrow, and blood
  4. virus infects and destroys T & B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages
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23
Q

True or False: HIV can be transmitted through saliva

A

False

24
Q

Highest rates of transmission are among…

A

adolecents and young adult women

25
Q

HIV Prevention

A
  • abstaining from sex
  • barrier protection
  • avoid intravenous drugs
26
Q

Possible HIV treatment

A
  • antiretrovirals
    • can prevent progression of AIDS
  • HAART
    • reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus protease inhibitors
  • Fuzeon
  • nonnuceloside RT inhibitors
27
Q

Obstacles in the way of HIV vaccine

A
  • surface antigens mutate rapidly
  • not completely controlled by immune responses
28
Q

Virulence factors of HIV

A
  • attatchment
  • syncytia formation
  • reverse transcriptase
  • high mutation rate
29
Q

Endocarditis

A
  • Inflammation of the endocardium, or inner lining of the heart
    • most often refers to an infection of the valves of the heart, the mitral valve, or the aortic valve
30
Q

Causative agents of Endocarditis

A
  • Staphylococcus auereus
    • most common
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Neiserria gonorrhoeae
31
Q

Penumonic Plague

A

respiratory disease

32
Q

Bubonic Plague

A
  • infection causes inflammation and necrosis of the node, resulting in a swollen lesion called a bubo, usually in the groin or axilla
  • bacterium injected by flea into lymph and filtered by lymph node
33
Q

Causative agent of the bubonic plague

A
  • Yersinia pestis
    • tiny, gram-negative rod
34
Q

Treatment of bubonic plague

A

streptomycin or gentamicin

35
Q

Prevention of bubonic plague

A
  • flea/and or animal control
  • vaccine for at-risk individuals
36
Q

Virulence factors of bubonic plague

A
  • Capsule
  • yop system
  • plasminogen activator
37
Q

Lyme Disease

A
  • Neuromuscular and rheumatoid arthritis
  • rash at the site of a tick bite
  • Other early symptoms are fever, headache, stiff neck, and dizziness
38
Q

Causative agent of Lyme Disease

A
  • Borrelia burgdorferi
    • large spirochetes, transmitted primarily by hard ticks of the genus Ixodes
39
Q

Treatment of Lyme Disease

A
  • doxycycline and amoxicillin is effective in early therapy
  • ceftriaxone and penicillin are used in late Lyme disease therapy
40
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A
  • Lymphatic system disease
    • often called “mono” or “the kissing disease”
41
Q

Causative agent of mononucleosis

A
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
    • a member of the herpesvirus family
  • Can be caused by a number of viruses or bacteria
42
Q

Hermorrhagic Fever Diseases

A

A number of agents that infect the blood and lymphatics cause extreme fevers, some of which are accompanied by internal hemorrhaging

43
Q

Ebola

A
  • in humans is caused by four of five viruses of the genus Ebolavirus,
  • filamentous infectious viral particles (virions)
    • encode their genome in the form of single-stranded RNA of the filovirus
44
Q

. Marburg Fevers-Marburg FV

A
  • a genetically unique zoonotic (or animal-borne) RNA virus of the filovirus family
    • bats
  • caused by Marburg virus
45
Q

Lassa Fever

A
  • an acute viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus, family Arenaviridae
    • a single-stranded RNA virus and is zoonotic
      • rat
46
Q

Brucellosis (non-hemorrhagic)

A
  • a genus of Gram-negative bacteria
    • Also known as Malta fever caused by Brucella sps
  • live in phagocytic cells & carry the bacteria to the bloodstream
47
Q

Q Fever (non-hemorrhagic)

A
  • a small Gram-negative bacterium
  • caused by Coxiella burnetii
  • Abrupt onset of fever, chills, head, and muscle ache, and occasionally a rash; Harbor in a wide assortment of vertebrates and arthropods.
48
Q

Anthrax

A
  • Causes disease in the lungs and the skin
  • Multiplies in large numbers in the blood
  • Bacillus anthracis
    • ​gram-positive, endospore-forming rod in soil, among the largest of all pathogens
49
Q

True or False: Robert Koch used anthrax as a model

for developing his postulates in 1877

A

True

50
Q

True or False: Louis Pasteur used the disease to prove

the usefulness of vaccination

A

True

51
Q

Anthrax Meningitis

A

anthrax infection in the CNS

52
Q

Anthrax transmission

A
  • Animals become infected while grazing on grass contaminated with spores
  • pathogen is returned to the soil in animal excrement or carcasses
  • sporulates become a long-term reservoir of infection
53
Q

Humans should be vaccinated for anthrax if…

A
  • they have occupational contact with livestock, or products such as hides or bone
  • they are members of the military
54
Q

Treatment for Anthrax

A
  • Penicillin
  • doxycycline
  • ciprofloxacin
55
Q

HIV is primarily transmitted through

A.homosexual intercourse.
B.heterosexual intercourse.
C.nonsterile needles.
D.blood products.
E.mother-to-infant transmission.

A

B. Heterosexual intercourse

Microbiology Final (12 decks)

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