Chapter 4: Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

Question 1

Last Common Ancestor

Answer 1

the cell from which eukaryotes and prokaryotes both came from; was neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Question 2

How to distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes (4):

Answer 2

(1) True nucleus wrapped in membrane; (2) membrane-bound organelles; (3) structurally complex; (4) generally larger

Question 3

Eukaryotes include these types of cells:

Answer 3

animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists

Question 4

Eukaryotes use these to move around.

Answer 4

Flagella and cilia (less common)

Question 5

Glycocalyx

Answer 5

outermost layer of cell composed of polysaccharides

Question 6

Function of Glycocalyx

Answer 6

protection; adherence; reception of signals from other cells

Question 7

These eukaryotes do not have cell walls.

Answer 7

Protozoa and helminths

Question 8

Characteristics of fungi cell walls

Answer 8

rigid; chemically different from prokaryotes; polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose; thin outer layer of mixed glycans (wtf)

Question 9

The cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 9

bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded; selectively permeable;

Question 10

Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 10

describes the eukaryotic cell membrane as a two-dimensional liquid in which phospholipid and protein molecules diffuse easily

Question 11

Filaments that from the cytoskeleton

Answer 11

microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

Question 12

Cytoplasm

Answer 12

plays role in both cell shape and cell movement; cytoplasmic membrane houses organelles

Question 13

Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies

Answer 13

granules of organic or inorganic materials that are stockpiled by the cell for future use

Question 14

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 14

separates nucleus from cytoplasm; double membrane separated by narrow space

Question 15

Nuclear pores

Answer 15

penetrate nuclear envelope; allow materials in and out of nucleus

Question 16

Nucleolus

Answer 16

site of RNA synthesis; collection area for ribosomal subunits

Question 17

Chromatin

Answer 17

genetic material of cell; made of DNA and proteins

Question 18

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 18

A series of microscopic tunnels used in transport and storage

Question 19

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 19

allows transport materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ultimately to the cell’s exterior; ribosomes attached to RER

Question 20

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 20

nutrient processing; no ribosomes

Question 21

Eukaryotic Ribosome Subunit

Answer 21

80S (combo of 40S and and 60S)

Question 22

Location of ribosomes

Answer 22

Rough ER, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Question 23

Golgi Bodies

Answer 23

site of protein modification, packaging, and secretion of materials, helps to form membranes

Question 24

Lysosomes

Answer 24

membrane-bound vesicles found in most eukaryotes, involved in intracellular digestion

Question 25

Peroxisomes

Answer 25

small membrane enclosed organelles filled with enzymes

Question 26

Vacuoles

Answer 26

membrane enclosed transport system

Question 27

Describe the assembly line in synthesizing proteins (4)

Answer 27

(1) protein needed identified by DNA; (2) DNA forms RNA with specific sequence; (3) RER synthesizes; (4) Golgi bodies form vesicles with protein and transport throughout cell

Question 28

Mitocondria

Answer 28

generate energy with ATP via electron transport chain

Question 29

Cristae

Answer 29

tubular inner folds of mitocondria; hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration; extracts chemical energy contained in nutrient molecules and stores it as ATP

Question 30

Why are mitochondria unique organelles? (3)

Answer 30

(1) divide independently; (2) circular strands of DNA; (3) prokaryotic-sized 70S ribosomes

Question 31

Chloroplasts

Answer 31

converts sunlight into energy; O2 is biproduct

Question 32

Mycology

Answer 32

study of fungi (good times)

Question 33

Characteristics of Yeast (4)

Answer 33

(1) round to oval shape; (2) asexual; (3) budding; (4) unicellular

Question 34

Hyphae

Answer 34

fine, colourless threads that make up fungi

Question 35

Mycelium

Answer 35

tangled web of hyphae

Question 36

Septa

Answer 36

perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells

Question 37

Fungi vs Plant Cell Walls

Answer 37

chitin vs cellulose

Question 38

Pseudohyphae

Answer 38

chain of yeast cells

Question 39

Penicillium are septate or aseptate?

Answer 39

Septate

Question 40

Plasmogamy

Answer 40

the fusion of hyphae

Question 41

Fungi reproduce by…

Answer 41

the fusion of male and female hyphae (haploid nuclei)

Question 42

Fungi reproduce by…

Answer 42

the fusion of male and female hyphae (haploid nuclei)

Question 43

Sporangiospore

Answer 43

• responsible for asexual reproduction
• formed by successive cleavages within a sac-like head called a
• sporangium, which is attached to the stalk,
• the sporangiophore

Question 44

Conidiospores

Answer 44

free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

Question 45

Mycoses

Answer 45

(fungal infections) vary in the way the pathogen enters the body and the degree of tissue involvement

Question 46

Common fungal diseases (3)

Answer 46

1. Candidiasis
2. Dermatomycoses
3. Respiratory Fungal Infections

Question 47

Candidiasis

Answer 47

• Candida albicans
• yeast or pseudohyphae
• opportunistic infections
  
  • vulvovaginitis
  • oral candidiasis (thrush)
  • intestinal candidiasis

Question 48

Dermatomycoses

Answer 48

any fungul infection of the skin or the hair

Question 49

Aspergillosis

Answer 49

• several species of Aspergillus
• immunodeficiency
• invasive to blood and lungs
  
  • causes actue pneumonia
  • mortality rate is high

Question 50

Aspergillus flavus

Answer 50

produces a potentially lethal poison to animals who eat contaminated grain

Question 51

Mycorhizza

Answer 51

• beneficial fungi
• increases plants ability to absorb nutrients and water