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Microbiology Final > Chapter 19: Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory Defenses

A
  • first line defenses
    • nasal hairs
    • cilia (the ciliary escalator)
    • mucus
  • ​second line defenses
    • macrophages
  • third line defenses
    • pathogen-specific secretory IgA
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2
Q

Immunoglobulin A (IgA, also referred to as sIgA)

A
  • an antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity in mucous secretions,
  • including tears, saliva, colostrum and secretions from the genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, prostate and respiratory epithelium!!
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3
Q

Which structure in the respiratory system is attached to the alveoli?

A.Epiglottis
B.Larynx
C.Bronchiole
D.Sinus

A

C. Bronchiole

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4
Q

Normal Biota of the respiratory tract

A
  • Gram-positive bacteria are common in the normal biota
  • streptococci
  • staphylococci
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5
Q

Which bacterium is commonly found in the normal biota of the upper respiratory tract?

A.Pseudomonas aeruginosa
B.Escherichia coli
C.Staphylococcus aureus
D.Candida albicans

A

C. Staphylococcus aureus

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6
Q

Pharyngitis signs and symptoms

A
  • inflammation of the throat
  • reddened and/or swollen mucosa
  • swollen tonsils
  • foul-smelling breath
  • white packets visible on the walls of the throat (streptococcal disease)
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7
Q

Causative agents of Pharyngitis

A
  • most often caused by common cold viruses
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum
    • gram negative bacteria- lemierre syndrome/sore throat
  • Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A, or GAS)
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8
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum

A
  • opportunistic
  • endotoxin, leukotoxin (virulence factors)
  • growth on anaerobic agar (diagnosis)
  • hygiene practices (prevention)
  • penicillin, cefuroxime
  • Common in adolescents and young adults, Infections spread to cardio-vascular system or deeper tissues
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9
Q

Rhinitis

A
  • sneezing and runny nose
  • scratchy throat
  • low fever in kids
  • over 200 different viruses
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10
Q

Sinusitis

A
  • infection of sinus:
  • various viruses, bacteria, fungi
  • broad-spectrum antibiotics and antifungal
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11
Q

Acute Otitis Media

A
  • Infection of middle ear
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
  • Vaccine
  • Prevent by wait and watch
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12
Q

Diptheria’s Causative Agent

A
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
    • non-spore-forming, gram-positive, club-shaped
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13
Q

Transmission of Diptheria

A
  • droplet contact
  • direct contact
  • fomites
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14
Q

Virulence factor of Diptheria

A

Diptheria exotoxin (duh)

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15
Q

Diptheria culture/diagnosis

A

Tellurite medium (gray/black colonies)

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16
Q

Prevention of Diptheria

A

Diptheria toxoid vaccine

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17
Q

Treatment of Diptheria

A

• antitoxin plus penicillin or erythromycin

18
Q

The use of Prevnar has reduced the incidence of which disease in children?

A.Sinusitis
B.Rhinitis
C.Acute Otitis Media
D.Diphtheria

A

D. Diptheria

19
Q

Influenza causative agents

A

Influenza A, B, and C viruses

20
Q

Influenza transmission

A
  • Droplet contact
  • direct contact,
  • indirect contact
21
Q

Influenza’s virulence factors

A
  • Glycoprotein spikes
  • overall ability to change genetically
22
Q

Culture/diagnosis of Influenza

A
  • Viral culture (3–10 days)
  • Rapid antigen-based
  • PCR tests
23
Q

Prevention of influenza

A
  • Killed injected vaccine or inhaled
  • live attenuated vaccine taken
  • annually
24
Q

Treatment of influenza

A
  • Amantadine
  • rimantadine
  • zanamivir
  • oseltamivir
25
Q

Effective vaccines currently exist for use in nearly all populations against:

A. whooping cough.
B. influenza.
C. RSV.
D. A and B.
E. B and C.
F. all of the above.

A

D. A and B

26
Q

Pneumonia

A
  • fluid filled alveoli
  • caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi
  • community-acquired
  • Nosocomial
27
Q

Bacterial agents of pneumonia

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Legionella sp.
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
28
Q

Viral agents of pneumonia

A
  • Hantavirus
  • Emerging viruses (SARS, adenoviruses)
29
Q

Fungal agents of pneumonia

A
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci
30
Q

Causative agent of Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

31
Q

Diagnosis of A. Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A

hemolytic on blood agar

32
Q

Virulence factor of Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A

capsule

33
Q

Vaccine for Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A

Pneumovax (for old folks)

34
Q

Causative agent of B. Legionnaire’s Disease

A

Legionella pneumophila

35
Q

B. Leggionaire’s reservoir

A
  • amoebas
    • aqueous habitats
36
Q

How is B. Leggionaire spread?

A

Aerosals

37
Q

Causative agent of atypical pneomonia

A

Mycoplasma pneomoniae

38
Q

“Walking Pneomonia”

A

name given to atypical pneomonia due to lack of acute illness

39
Q

Causative agents of nosocomial pneumonia

A
  • polymicrobial
    • streptococcus pneumoniae
    • klebsiella pneumoniae
    • anaerobic bacteria
    • coliform bacteria
40
Q

What is the leading cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia?

A.Klebsiella pneumoniae
B.Mycoplasma pneumoniae
C.Chlamydophila pneumoniae
D.Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

D. Streptococcus pneumoniae

Microbiology Final (12 decks)

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