Chapter 19: Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System

Question 1

Respiratory Defenses

Answer 1

• first line defenses
  
  • nasal hairs
  • cilia (the ciliary escalator)
  • mucus
• ​second line defenses
  
  • macrophages
• third line defenses
  
  • pathogen-specific secretory IgA

Question 2

Immunoglobulin A (IgA, also referred to as sIgA)

Answer 2

• an antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity in mucous secretions,
• including tears, saliva, colostrum and secretions from the genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, prostate and respiratory epithelium!!

Question 3

Which structure in the respiratory system is attached to the alveoli?

A.Epiglottis
B.Larynx
C.Bronchiole
D.Sinus

Answer 3

C. Bronchiole

Question 4

Normal Biota of the respiratory tract

Answer 4

• Gram-positive bacteria are common in the normal biota
• streptococci
• staphylococci

Question 5

Which bacterium is commonly found in the normal biota of the upper respiratory tract?

A.Pseudomonas aeruginosa
B.Escherichia coli
C.Staphylococcus aureus
D.Candida albicans

Answer 5

C. Staphylococcus aureus

Question 6

Pharyngitis signs and symptoms

Answer 6

• inflammation of the throat
• reddened and/or swollen mucosa
• swollen tonsils
• foul-smelling breath
• white packets visible on the walls of the throat (streptococcal disease)

Question 7

Causative agents of Pharyngitis

Answer 7

• most often caused by common cold viruses
• Fusobacterium necrophorum
  
  • gram negative bacteria- lemierre syndrome/sore throat
• Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A, or GAS)

Question 8

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Answer 8

• opportunistic
• endotoxin, leukotoxin (virulence factors)
• growth on anaerobic agar (diagnosis)
• hygiene practices (prevention)
• penicillin, cefuroxime
• Common in adolescents and young adults, Infections spread to cardio-vascular system or deeper tissues

Question 9

Rhinitis

Answer 9

• sneezing and runny nose
• scratchy throat
• low fever in kids
• over 200 different viruses

Question 10

Sinusitis

Answer 10

• infection of sinus:
• various viruses, bacteria, fungi
• broad-spectrum antibiotics and antifungal

Question 11

Acute Otitis Media

Answer 11

• Infection of middle ear
• Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
• Vaccine
• Prevent by wait and watch

Question 12

Diptheria’s Causative Agent

Answer 12

• Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  
  • non-spore-forming, gram-positive, club-shaped

Question 13

Transmission of Diptheria

Answer 13

• droplet contact
• direct contact
• fomites

Question 14

Virulence factor of Diptheria

Answer 14

Diptheria exotoxin (duh)

Question 15

Diptheria culture/diagnosis

Answer 15

Tellurite medium (gray/black colonies)

Question 16

Prevention of Diptheria

Answer 16

Diptheria toxoid vaccine

Question 17

Treatment of Diptheria

Answer 17

• antitoxin plus penicillin or erythromycin

Question 18

The use of Prevnar has reduced the incidence of which disease in children?

A.Sinusitis
B.Rhinitis
C.Acute Otitis Media
D.Diphtheria

Answer 18

D. Diptheria

Question 19

Influenza causative agents

Answer 19

Influenza A, B, and C viruses

Question 20

Influenza transmission

Answer 20

• Droplet contact
• direct contact,
• indirect contact

Question 21

Influenza’s virulence factors

Answer 21

• Glycoprotein spikes
• overall ability to change genetically

Question 22

Culture/diagnosis of Influenza

Answer 22

• Viral culture (3–10 days)
• Rapid antigen-based
• PCR tests

Question 23

Prevention of influenza

Answer 23

• Killed injected vaccine or inhaled
• live attenuated vaccine taken
• annually

Question 24

Treatment of influenza

Answer 24

• Amantadine
• rimantadine
• zanamivir
• oseltamivir

Question 25

Effective vaccines currently exist for use in nearly all populations against: A. whooping cough. B. influenza. C. RSV. D. A and B. E. B and C. F. all of the above.

Answer 25

D. A and B

Question 26

Pneumonia

Answer 26

* fluid filled alveoli * caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi * community-acquired * Nosocomial

Question 27

Bacterial agents of pneumonia

Answer 27

* Streptococcus pneumoniae * Legionella sp. * Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 28

Viral agents of pneumonia

Answer 28

* Hantavirus * Emerging viruses (SARS, adenoviruses)

Question 29

Fungal agents of pneumonia

Answer 29

* Histoplasma capsulatum * Pneumocystis jiroveci

Question 30

Causative agent of Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Answer 30

streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 31

Diagnosis of A. Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Answer 31

hemolytic on blood agar

Question 32

Virulence factor of Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Answer 32

capsule

Question 33

Vaccine for Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Answer 33

Pneumovax (for old folks)

Question 34

Causative agent of B. Legionnaire's Disease

Answer 34

Legionella pneumophila

Question 35

B. Leggionaire's reservoir

Answer 35

* amoebas * aqueous habitats

Question 36

How is B. Leggionaire spread?

Answer 36

Aerosals

Question 37

Causative agent of atypical pneomonia

Answer 37

Mycoplasma pneomoniae

Question 38

"Walking Pneomonia"

Answer 38

name given to atypical pneomonia due to lack of acute illness

Question 39

Causative agents of nosocomial pneumonia

Answer 39

* polymicrobial * streptococcus pneumoniae * klebsiella pneumoniae * anaerobic bacteria * coliform bacteria

Question 40

What is the leading cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia? A.Klebsiella pneumoniae B.Mycoplasma pneumoniae C.Chlamydophila pneumoniae D.Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 40

D. Streptococcus pneumoniae