chapter 18 - the endocrine system

Question 1

what is a “free” hormone, bind to receptors in plasma membrane outside of the cell?

Answer 1

water soluble hormone

Question 2

what is bound to transport protein, when they get to target cell they can diffuse through plasma membrane (has more direct effect)?

Answer 2

lipid soluble hormone

Question 3

what is a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body and has an effect on cells in another part of the body?

Answer 3

a hormone

Question 4

what do somatotrophs release?

Answer 4

human growth hormone (HGH)

Question 5

what does human growth hormone (HGH) do?

Answer 5

stimulates general body growth

Question 6

what is acromegaly?

Answer 6

the result of excess HGH during adulthood

Question 7

what are thyrotrophs release?

Answer 7

thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)

Question 8

what do thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) do?

Answer 8

controls secretions and activities of the thyroid (T3 and T4, metabolism)

Question 9

what do lactotrophs do?

Answer 9

secrete prolactin (PRL)

Question 10

what does prolactin (PRL) do?

Answer 10

initiates milk production in mammary glands

Question 11

what do corticotrophs do?

Answer 11

secrete adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

aka: Corticotrophin

Question 12

what does adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) hormones/corticotropin do?

Answer 12

stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 13

what hormones do the posterior pituitary gland produce?

Answer 13

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Question 14

what does ADH/vasopressin do?

Answer 14

decrease urine production, return more water to the blood

Question 15

what do follicular cells produce?

Answer 15

the thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Question 16

what is the hormone produced by parafollicular cells (in the thyroid)?

Answer 16

calcitonin

Question 17

what does slow heart rate, sensitivity to cold, dry hair and skin, edema, and weight gain indicate?

Answer 17

hypothyroidism

Question 18

what does increased heart rate, weight loss, tremors, and exophthalmus (sometimes) indicate?

Answer 18

hyperthyroidism

Question 19

what is the most common form of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 19

grave’s disease

Question 20

what is the most common form of hypothyroidism?

Answer 20

Hashimoto’s

Question 21

what decreases the level of calcium in the blood?

Answer 21

calcitonin

Question 22

what inhibits the activity of osteoclasts and bone resorption?

Answer 22

calcitonin

Question 23

what do the parathyroid glands release?

Answer 23

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 24

what does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

Answer 24

monitors low levels of blood calcium

Question 25

what do parathyroid hormones (PTH) increase?

Answer 25

increase the blood calcium level

Question 26

what are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

Answer 26

the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

Question 27

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 27

steroid hormones that are essential for life

Question 28

what do mineralocorticoids affect?

Answer 28

mineral homeostasis (aldosterone)

Question 29

what do mineralocorticoids/aldosterone regulate?

Answer 29

sodium and potassium levels

Question 30

what do mineralocorticoids maintain?

Answer 30

normal blood pressure and volume

Question 31

what do glucocorticoids regulate?

Answer 31

metabolism of glucose and resistance to stress

Question 32

what is the main glucocorticoid?

Answer 32

cortisol

Question 33

what is cortisol?

Answer 33

the stress handling hormone of the body

Question 34

what is a hyperadrenal disorder?

Answer 34

cushing's syndrome

Question 35

what are hypoadrenal disorders?

Answer 35

addison's disease

Question 36

what does glucagon do?

Answer 36

increases blood glucose

Question 37

what happens when blood glucose increases?

Answer 37

hepatocytes (liver cells) convert glycogen to glucose

Question 38

what does insulin do?

Answer 38

decrease blood glucose levels by converting glucose into glycogen

Question 39

what is the loss of insulin production or the inability to respond to insulin?

Answer 39

diabetes mellitus

Question 40

what is it called when the immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells?

Answer 40

type I diabetes (congenital)

Question 41

what is it called when cells in target organs become less sensitive to insulin?

Answer 41

type II diabetes (dietary)