Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P II > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

To maintain homeostasis, what comes in the body
must eventually be

A

used or excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Input + production =

A

utilization + output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Factors Affecting the Plasma Composition

A
  • Kidneys regulate solute and water content, which also
    determines volume
  • Regulate acid-base balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Composition is also affected by exchange between what compartments of body

A

Cells
* Connective tissue
* Gastrointestinal tract
* Sweating
* Respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

figure 19.1

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Balance

A
  • Solutes and water enter and exit plasma
    at the same rate
  • Quantity stays the same
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Positive balance

A
  • Solute or water enters plasma faster than it exits
  • Quantity increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Negative balance

A
  • Solute or water exits plasma faster than it enters
  • Quantity decreases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cells in late distal tubules and collecting ducts that
regulate balance

A
  • Principal cells (Water
    and Electrolytes)
  • Intercalated cells (Acid-base balance)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Water intake + metabolically produced =

A

water output +
water used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

water Intake

A
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Water output

A
  • Insensible loss
  • Sweating
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Normovolemia

A

normal blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypervolemia

A

high blood volume due
to positive water balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypovolemia

A

low blood volume due
to negative water balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Water diffuses down the concentration gradient
  • Water reabsorption follows solute reabsorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Water moves from area of ___ solute concentration to
area of ___ solute concentration

A

low ; high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

kidney’s role in osmolarity

A

Kidneys compensate for changes in osmolarity of
extracellular fluid by regulating water reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Water reabsorption is a ____ process

A

passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Proximal tubules

A

70% of filtered water is reabsorbed
* Not regulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Distal tubules and collecting ducts

A

Most remaining water is reabsorbed
* Regulated by ADH (vasopressin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Water reabsorption follows

A

solute reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the primary solute

A

sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Na+ is ____ transported across the _____
membrane

A

actively ; basolateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
figure 19.5
26
Osmolarity of interstitial fluid of renal medulla varies with?
- depth - Lower osmolarity near cortex * Greater osmolarity near renal pelvis
27
Osmotic gradient is established by the
countercurrent multiplier
28
Ascending limb (loop of henle)
Impermeable to water * Active transport of Na+, Cl–, and K+
29
Descending limb (loop of henle)
Permeable to water * No transport of Na+, Cl–, or K+
30
Fluid in descending limb
- osmolarity increases as it descends * Osmolarity = interstitial fluid * Osmolarity > descending limb
31
Fluid in ascending limb
osmolarity decreases as it ascends * Osmolarity < interstitial fluid * Osmolarity < descending limb
32
Role of urea in the medullary osmotic gradient
* Generated by liver * Nitrogen elimination * Extremely water soluble * Requires urea transporters: UTA, UTB, and UTC
33
Role of the vasa recta
capillaries prevents the diffusion of water and solutes from dissipating the medullary osmotic gradient
34
Descending limb of vasa recta
As it descends, water leaves capillaries by osmosis and solutes enter by diffusion
35
Ascending limb of vasa recta
Water moves into plasma and solutes move into interstitial fluid * Osmolarity is higher due to the lack of urea transporters
36
Water permeability dependent on what water channels
Aquaporin-3 Aquaporin-2
37
Aquaporin-2
present in apical membrane only when ADH present in blood
38
Aquaporin-3
present in basolateral membrane always
39
When membrane of late distal tubule and collecting duct is impermeable to water what happens
Water cannot leave the tubules * No water reabsorption * More water is excreted in urine
40
ADH stimulates the insertion of water channels _____ into ___ membrane
aquaporin-2 ; apical
41
Maximum amount of water reabsorbed depends on ___ of ____
length ; loop of Henle
42
Obligatory water loss
Minimum volume of water that must be excreted in the urine per day
43
Effects of ADH on water reabsorption
- ADH regulates permeability of late distal tubules and collecting ducts * Urine osmolarity range: 100–1400 mOsm * Aquaporin-2 varied by ADH * Antidiuretic
44
Regulation of ADH secretion
Released from terminals in the posterior pituitary from cell bodies originating in the hypothalamus * Osmoreceptors in the organum vasculosum of laminae terminalis (OVLT) sense osmolarity * OVLT is not surrounded by the blood-brain barrier * ADH is also affected by baroreceptors detecting blood volume and pressure * increase baroreceptor activity = increase ADH secretion
45
Figure 19.13
46
Hypernatremia
high plasma sodium
47
Hyponatremia
low plasma sodium
48
Sodium
primary solute in ECF
49
Why is sodium needed?
- Critical for normal osmotic pressure - Critical to function of excitable cells
50
Where is Na reabsorbed?
Reabsorbed (70%) in proximal tubules, distal tubules, and collecting ducts
51
Where is Na reabsorption regulated?
- Reabsorption regulated by aldosterone and ANP * Reabsorption regulated at principal cells of distal tubules and collecting ducts
52
Is reabsorption of Na passive or active?
active
53
What drives Na reabsorption?
Na+/K+ pump on basolateral membrane
54
Know figure 19.14
55
What are the effects of aldosterone?
Increases sodium reabsorption * Steroid hormone secreted from adrenal cortex
56
Function of aldosterone
- Acts on principal cells of distal tubules and collecting ducts * Increases number of Na+/K+ pumps on basolateral membrane * Increases number of open Na+ and K+ channels on apical membrane
57
Granular cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete what?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
58
Angiotensinogen is converted by___ into _____
renin ; angiotensin I
59
Liver secretes?
angiotensinogen
60
Angiotensin II stimulates?
aldosterone production
61
Angiotensin I is converted by ___ into angiotensin II
ACE; angiotensin II
62
Capillary walls contain ______, especially in lungs
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
63
Know figure 19.16
64
Know figure 19.17
65
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Secreted by atrial cells in response to distension of atrial wall
66
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide increases?
GFR * Dilation of afferent arteriole * Constriction of efferent arteriole
67
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide decreases?
Na+ reabsorption by closing Na+ channels in apical membrane
68
Overall effect of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
increased Na+ excretion
69
Hyperkalemia
high plasma potassium
70
Hypokalemia
low plasma potassium
71
Potassium is crucial to function of _____
excitable cells
72
Renal Handling of Potassium Ions in the glomerulus
freely filtered
73
Renal Handling of Potassium Ions in the proximal tubules
reabsorbed
74
Renal Handling of Potassium Ions in the Distal tubules and collecting ducts
reabsorbed and secreted
75
Aldosterone regulates
principal cells
76
K+ in plasma directly stimulates
aldosterone release
77
As K+ increases, more ____ is released
aldosterone
78
Hypercalcemia
high plasma calcium
79
Hypocalcemia
low plasma calcium
80
Calcium balance is critical for?
- Triggers exocytosis * Triggers secretion * Triggers muscle contraction * Increases contractility of cardiac and smooth muscle
81
Know figure 19.21
82
Blood calcium
* Bound to carrier proteins * Free in plasma * Free calcium: freely filtered at glomerulus
83
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
released from parathyroid glands
84
Stimulus for the release of PTH
decreased Ca2+ in plasma
85
Functions of PTH
* Increases Ca2+ reabsorption by kidneys * Stimulates activation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in kidneys * Stimulates resorption of bone * Stimulates small increase in calcium absorption
86
Overall effect of PTH
increased blood calcium
87
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
steroid hormone derived from vitamin D3
88
Calcitonin is secreted from?
C cells of thyroid gland
89
What triggers the release of calcitonin?
high plasma [Ca2+]
90
Actions of calcitonin at target cells
* Increases bone formation * Decreases calcium reabsorption by kidneys
91
Normal pH of arterial blood
7.35–7.45
92
pH < 7.35 =
acidosis
93
pH > 7.45 =
alkalosis
94
Complications with acid-base disturbance
- Conformation change in protein structure - Changes in excitability of neurons - Changes in potassium balance - Cardiac arrhythmias Vasodilation
95
Normal PCO2 arterial blood =
40 mm Hg
96
Sources of CO2
metabolism
97
Output of Co2
through respiratory system
98
Increased plasma [CO2] →
respiratory acidosis
99
Decreased plasma [CO2] →
respiratory alkalosis
100
What causes acidosis?
- High-protein diet - High-fat diet - Heavy exercise - Severe diarrhea (loss of bicarbonate) - Renal dysfunction
101
Metabolic alkalosis causes
- Excessive vomiting (loss of hydrogen ions) - Consumption of alkaline products (baking soda) - Renal dysfunction
102
Three lines of defense against Acid-Base Disturbances
- Buffering of hydrogen ions - Respiratory compensation - Renal compensation
103
Most important ECF buffer=
bicarbonate
104
ICF buffers
proteins and phosphates
105
Increased ventilation →
decreased CO2
106
Decreased ventilation →
increased CO2
107
Renal compensation
- Regulates excretion of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate in urine - Regulates synthesis of new bicarbonate in renal tubules
108
Effects of increased acidity
- Increased secretion of hydrogen ions - Increased reabsorption of bicarbonate - Increased synthesis of new bicarbonate
109
Renal handling of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions in the Proximal tubule
Bicarbonate reabsorption coupled to hydrogen ion secretion
110
Renal handling of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions in the Distal tubule and collecting duct
Secretion of hydrogen ions coupled to synthesis of new bicarbonate ions
111
Compensation for Acid-Base Disturbances: PH
7.4, [HCO3–]/[CO2] = 20:1
112
Compensation for Acid-Base Disturbances: ACIDOSIS
[HCO3–]/[CO2] < 20:1
113
Compensation for Acid-Base Disturbances: ALKALOSIS
[HCO3–]/[CO2] > 20:1
114
Kidneys regulate?
HCO3–
115
Lungs regulate
CO2
116
Cause of Respiratory acidosis
hypoventilation
117
Increased CO2 →
increased H+
118
Compensation of Respiratory acidosis
- renal - Increased H+ secretion - Increased HCO3– reabsorption
119
Cause of Respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation
120
Decreased CO2 →
decreased H+
121
Compensation of Respiratory alkalosis
- renal - Decreased H+ secretion - Decreased HCO3– reabsorption
122
Metabolic acidosis Cause
increased H+ independent of CO2
123
Metabolic acidosis compensation
- respiratory and renal - Increased H+ secretion - Increased HCO3– reabsorption - Increased synthesis of new bicarbonate
124
Metabolic alkalosis Cause
decreased H+ independent of CO2
125
Respiratory compensation
Decreased ventilation → increased CO2
126
Renal compensation
- Decreased H+ secretion - Decreased HCO3– reabsorption - Decreased synthesis of new bicarbonate
127
figure 19.29

A&P II (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions