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A&P II > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Internal respiration

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

External respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation
* Exchange between lungs and blood
* Transportation in blood
* Exchange between blood and body tissues

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3
Q

Air passages of the head and neck

A
  • Nasal cavities
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
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4
Q

Label figure 16.2

A
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5
Q

What figures are apart of the conducting zone?

A

Larynx
* Glottis
* Epiglottis
* Trachea
* Bronchi
Bronchioles

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6
Q

Secondary bronchi

A
  • Three on right side to three lobes of right lung
  • Two on left side to two lobes of left lung
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7
Q

Tertiary bronchi

A

20-23 orders of branching

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8
Q

Bronchioles

A

less than 1mm in diameter

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9
Q

Terminal Bronchioles

A
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10
Q

Functions of the conducting zone

A
  • Air passageway: 150 mL in volume (dead space)
  • Increases air temperature to body temperature
  • Humidifies air
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11
Q

Epithelium of the conducting zone

A
  • Goblet cells (secrete mucus)
  • Ciliated cells (move particles toward mouth)
  • Mucus escalator
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12
Q

Function of the respiratory zone

A
  • Exchange of gases between air and blood
  • Mechanism of action: diffusion
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13
Q

Structures of the respiratory zone

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
  • Alveolar sacs
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14
Q

Epithelium of the respiratory zone

A
  • Epithelial cell layer of alveoli
  • Endothelial cell layer of capillaries
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15
Q

Alveoli

A

Site of gas exchange
Rich blood supply: capillaries form sheet over alveoli

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16
Q

Alveolar pores

A

type 1 and type 2

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17
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

make up wall of alveoli
* Single layer of epithelial cells

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18
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

secrete surfactant

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19
Q

Respiratory membrane

A
  • Barrier for diffusion
  • Type I cells + basement membrane
  • Capillary endothelial cells + basement membrane
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20
Q

Chest wall

A

airtight, protects lungs

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21
Q

What composes the chest wall

A
  • Rib cage
  • Sternum
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Muscles: internal and external intercostals, diaphragm
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22
Q

Pleura

A

membrane lining of lungs and chest wall

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23
Q

What surrounds each lung?

A

pleura

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24
Q

Intrapleural space is filled with?

A

intrapleural fluid (15ml)

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25
Q

Label figure 16.7

A
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26
Q

Air moves in and out of lungs by

A

bulk flow

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27
Q

Air moves from

A

high to low pressure

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28
Q

Inspiration

A

pressure in lungs less than atmospheric
pressure

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29
Q

Expiration

A

pressure in lungs greater than atmospheric
pressure

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30
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A
  • 760 mm Hg at sea level
  • Decreases as altitude increases
  • Increases under water
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31
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure

A
  • Pressure of air in alveoli
  • Given relative to atmospheric pressure
  • Varies with phase of respiration
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32
Q

During inspiration what is intra-alveolar pressure?

A

negative (less than atmospheric)

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33
Q

During expiration what is intra-alveolar pressure?

A

positive (more than atmospheric)

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34
Q

Difference between Palv and Patm drives?

A

ventilation

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35
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure inside pleural sac
* Always negative under normal conditions
* Always less than Palv

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36
Q

Intrapleural pressure varies with?

A

respiration
at rest, -4 mm Hg

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37
Q

Why is intraplearal pressure negative?

A

Negative due to elasticity in lungs and chest wall
* Lungs recoil inward as chest wall recoils outward
* Opposing forces pull on intrapleural space
* Surface tension of intrapleural fluid prevents wall and lungs from
pulling apart

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38
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

= Palv – Pip
* Distending pressure across the lung wall

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39
Q

Increase in transpulmonary pressure

A
  • Increases distending pressure across lungs
  • Causes lungs (alveoli) to expand, increasing volume
40
Q

Movement of air in and out of lungs occurs due to

A

pressure gradients

41
Q

Mechanics of breathing describes mechanisms for

A

creating pressure gradients

42
Q

Boyle’s law

A

pressure is inversely related to volum

43
Q

Flow =

A

Patm - Palv / R

44
Q

alveolar pressure changes affect and can be affected by?

A

gradients ; volume

45
Q

Factors determining intra-alveolar pressure

A
  • Quantity of air in alveoli
  • Volume of alveoli
46
Q

when lungs expand….

A

alveolar volume increases
* Palv decreases
* Pressure gradient drives air into lungs

47
Q

when lungs recoil….

A

alveolar volume decreases
* Palv increases
* Pressure gradient drives air out of lungs

48
Q

Inspiratory muscles increase

A

volume of thoracic
cavity
* Diaphragm
* External intercostals

49
Q

Expiratory muscles decrease

A

volume of thoracic
cavity
* Internal intercostals
* Abdominal muscles

50
Q

label figure 16.11

A
51
Q

Inspiration steps

A
  • Neural stimulation of inspiratory muscles
  • Diaphragm contraction causes it to flatten and move downward
  • Contraction of external intercostals makes ribs pivot upward and
    outward, expanding the chest wall
  • Collectively, thoracic cavity volume increases
  • Outward pull on pleura decreases intrapleural pressure, which
    results in an increase in transpulmonary pressure
  • Alveoli expand, decreasing alveolar pressure
  • Air flows into alveoli by bulk flow

Figure 16.12 easier

52
Q

Expiration is what type of process

A

passive process

53
Q

When inspiratory muscles stop contracting….

A

recoil of the
lungs and chest wall to their original positions decreases
the volume of the thoracic cavity

54
Q

Active expiration requires?

A

expiratory muscles

55
Q

Contraction of expiratory muscles creates

A

a greater and
faster decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity

56
Q

Lung compliance

A

Ease with which lungs can be stretched

57
Q

Lung compliance formula

A

^V / ^ (Palv - Pip)

58
Q

Larger lung compliance

A
  • Easier to inspire
  • Smaller change in transpulmonary pressure
    needed to bring in a given volume of air
59
Q

Factors affecting lung compliance

A
  • Elasticity
  • Surface tension of lungs
60
Q

More elasticity =

A

less compliance

61
Q

Surface tension

A

force for alveoli to collapse
or resist expansion

62
Q

Surface tension arises due to

A

attractions between water
molecules

63
Q

Greater tension =

A

less compliance

64
Q

To overcome surface tension what do the lungs do?

A

secrete sufactant from type II cells

65
Q

Surfactant

A

detergent that decreases surface tension

66
Q

Surfactant increases

A

lung compliance
* Makes inspiration easier

67
Q

As airways get smaller in diameter…

A

they increase
in number, keeping overall resistance low

68
Q

Increase in resistance makes it ….

A

harder to breathe

69
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

smooth muscle contracts, causing
radius to decrease

70
Q

Bronchodilation

A

smooth muscle relaxes, causing radius
to increase

71
Q

Contractile state of bronchiolar smooth muscle under what control?

A

extrinsic and intrinsic control

72
Q

Sympathetic role in bronchiole radius

A
  • Relaxation of smooth muscle
  • Bronchodilation
73
Q

parasympathetic role in bronchiole radius

A
  • Contraction of smooth muscle
  • Bronchoconstriction
74
Q

Extrinsic control of bronchiole radius

A

Hormonal control
* Epinephrine
* Relaxation of smooth muscle
* Bronchodilation

75
Q

Intrinsic control of bronchiole radius

A

Histamine and CO2

76
Q

Histamine

A

bronchoconstriction
* Released during asthma and allergies
* Also increases mucus secretion

77
Q

CO2

A

bronchodilation

78
Q

Pathological states that increase airway resistance

A

Asthma and COPD

79
Q

Tidal volume (VT)

A

500 mL
* Single, unforced breath

80
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):

A

3000 mL
* After breathing in, volume you can still inspire

81
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):

A

1000 mL
* After breathing out, volume you can still expire

82
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

1200 mL
* Volume left after ERV
* Measurable by helium dilution method

83
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC) =

A

VT + IRV = 3500 mL

84
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

maximum volume expired after
maximum inspiration
* VC = VT + IRV + ERV = 4500 mL

85
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

volume remaining
after resting tidal volume
* FRC = ERV + RV = 2200 mL

86
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

volume air in lungs after
maximum inspiration
* TLC = VT + IRV + ERV + RV = 5700 mL

87
Q

Obstructive pulmonary diseases

A
  • increased airway resistance
  • Residual volume increases (making it more difficult to
    expire)
  • Functional residual capacity increases
  • Vital capacity decreases
88
Q

Restrictive pulmonary diseases

A
  • More difficult for lungs to expand
  • Total lung capacity decreases
  • Vital capacity decreases
89
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

maximum-volume inhalation
followed by exhalation as fast as possible
* Low FVC indicates restrictive pulmonary disease

90
Q

Forced expiratory volume (FEV)

A
  • percentage of FVC that
    can be exhaled within certain time frame
  • Normal FEV1 = 80%
  • FEV1 < 80% indicates obstructive pulmonary disease
91
Q

Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

A

maximum rate
at which a person can exhale
* Men = 9 L/sec
* Women = 7 L/sec

92
Q

Minute ventilation

A

total volume of air entering
and leaving the respiratory system each minute

93
Q

Minute ventilation formula

A
  • Minute ventilation = VT x RR
  • Normal respiration rate = 12 breaths/min
  • Normal VT = 500 mL
  • Normal minute ventilation =
    500 mL  12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min
94
Q

Anatomical dead space

A
  • Air in conducting zone does not participate
    in gas exchange
  • Conducting zone = anatomical dead space
95
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A
  • Volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas
    per minute
  • Alveolar ventilation = (VT × RR) – (DSV × RR)

A&P II (8 decks)

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