Chapter 11

Question 1

Do both divisions of the autonomic nervous system innervate most effector organs?

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

Primary function of the autonomic system

Answer 2

regulate organs to maintain homeostasis

Question 3

Parasympathetic and sympathetic activities tend to be?

Answer 3

antagonistic

Question 4

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 4

rest

Question 5

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 5

fight-or-flight response

Question 6

What are the two types of neurons from CNS to effector organs

Answer 6

Preganglionic neurons
Postganglionic neurons

Question 7

What do Autonomic ganglia do?

Answer 7

• Communication from preganglionic to postganglionic neuron
• Intrinsic neurons

Question 8

What makes up the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 8

• Effector organs
• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Glands
• Adipose tissue

Question 9

What nerves are apart of the parasympathetic ns?

Answer 9

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
pelvic nerves

Question 10

Name the cranial nerves

Answer 10

• Cranial nerve X = vagus nerve
• Cranial nerve III = oculomotor
• Cranial nerve VII = facial nerve (drooll)
• Cranial nerve IX = glossopharyngeal nerve (throat glands)

Question 11

Are pelvic nerves distinct from somatic spinal nerves?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

Efferent fibers belong to what type of nervous system?

Answer 12

Autonomic nervous system

Question 13

Function of afferent nerve fibers

Answer 13

• Transmit information from visceral receptors to CNS
• Important in maintaining homeostasis

Question 14

What are the two autonomic receptors?

Answer 14

Cholinergic and Adrenergic

Question 15

Cholinergic receptors

Answer 15

more common; bind acetylcholine (symp and para)

Question 16

Adrenergic receptors

Answer 16

bind norepinephrine (sympathetic)

Question 17

Types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 17

• Nicotinic cholinergic receptors (ionotropic)
• Muscarinic cholinergic receptors (metabotropic)

Question 18

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Answer 18

• Cause cation channels to open
• Channel opening results in depolarization
• Chromaffin (adrenal glands)- releases adrenaline

Question 19

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Answer 19

• G protein coupled
• Effect depends on target cell
• parasympathetic, on the heart and smooth muscle

Question 20

Two main classes of adrenergic receptors

Answer 20

• alpha and beta, and are both coupled to G proteins

Question 21

Properties of alpha-adrenergic receptors

Answer 21

• Located in effector organs of sympathetic nervous system
• excitatory (muscle contraction and gland secretion)
• Affinity greater for norepinephrine

Question 22

Properties of Beta-adrenergic receptors

Answer 22

• All activate cAMP
• Affinities for norepinephrine and epinephrine vary
• Inhibitory

Question 23

Most common adrenergic receptor

Answer 23

alpha

Question 24

Properties of Beta 1 adrenergic receptors

Answer 24

• Located in cardiac muscle and kidneys
• Usually excitatory
• Equal affinity for norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 25

Properties of beta 2 adrenergic receptors

Answer 25

- Located in some blood vessels and smooth muscle - Usually inhibitory - Greater affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine

Question 26

Whats bw efferent and effector organ in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 26

synapses

Question 27

Neuroeffector junctions

Answer 27

Between postganglionic neuron and effector organ

Question 28

Varicosities

Answer 28

Neurotransmitter produced and stored in axon swellings

Question 29

Varicosities are released in response to what?

Answer 29

action potential in postganglionic neuron

Question 30

Name the 6 steps of the neuroeffector junctions

Answer 30

1. Action potential arrives at varicosity 2. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open 3. Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter 4. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors on effector organ 5. Response in effector organ occurs 6. Neurotransmitter is degraded and diffuses away; reuptake occurs

Question 31

Increases in parasympathetic activity are coupled with?

Answer 31

decreases in sympathetic activity

Question 32

Increases in sympathetic activity are coupled with

Answer 32

decreases in parasympathetic activity

Question 33

Parasympathetic activity

Answer 33

- Quiet, relaxed states - Active in "rest and digest" - Increases gastrointestinal activities - Decreases heart rate and blood pressure

Question 34

Sympathetic activity

Answer 34

- Prepares for emergency, stress, and exercise - Increases heart rate and blood pressure - Mobilizes energy stores - Dilates pupils - Decreases gastrointestinal and urinary functions

Question 35

Are both parasympathetic and sympathetic active ?

Answer 35

yes, When at rest parasympathetic nervous system dominates

Question 36

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 36

Voluntary - Motor neurons (efferent) - Innervate skeletal muscle

Question 37

Somatic NS neurotransmitter

Answer 37

acetylcholine

Question 38

What receptors are in skeletal muscle?

Answer 38

nicotinic cholinergic

Question 39

One motor neuron innervates?

Answer 39

many muscle fibers

Question 40

Each muscle fiber is innervated by ?

Answer 40

only one motor neuron

Question 41

Terminal bouton

Answer 41

axon terminal - neuromuscular junction

Question 42

Motor end plate

Answer 42

specialized muscle membrane at junction, infoldings are many nicotinic receptors

Question 43

All motor neurons release ?

Answer 43

acetylcholine - Acetylcholinesterase

Question 44

Synapses are ?

Answer 44

excitatory

Question 45

Action potential in motor neuron triggers release of ?

Answer 45

acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction

Question 46

End-plate potential occurs at?

Answer 46

motor end plate

Question 47

Neuromuscular junctions are always?

Answer 47

excitatory

Question 48

What are the 8 steps of communication at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 48

1. Action potential arrives at terminal bouton 2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open 3. Calcium enters cell, triggering release of ACh 4. ACh diffuses across cleft and binds to nicotinic receptors on motor end plate 5. ACh triggers opening of channels for the small cations sodium and potassium 6. Net movement of positive charge in depolarization 7. EPP causes action potential in muscle cell 8. Action potential spreads through muscle, causing contraction

Question 49

Look at figure 11.15

Question 50

Look over table 11.4