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A&P II > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

O2 moves from alveoli to blood at the same rate it is

A

consumed by cells

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2
Q

CO2 moves from blood to alveoli at the same rate it is

A

produced by cells

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3
Q

Partial pressure of a gas =

A

proportion of pressure of entire gas that is due to presence of the individual gas

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4
Q

Partial pressure of a gas depends on

A

fractional concentration of the gas

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5
Q

Total pressure of gas mixture formula

A

Pgas = %gas × Ptotal

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6
Q

Composition of air

A
  • 79% nitrogen
  • 21% oxygen
  • Trace amounts of carbon dioxide, helium, argon, and other gases
  • Water can be a factor depending on humidity
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7
Q

partial pressure of a gas affects

A

the amount of gas that goes into solution

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8
Q

Partial pressures of vaporized and dissolved gases will be

A

equal at equilibrium

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9
Q

CO2 is ____ soluble than O2 in water (and blood)

A

more

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10
Q

Gases diffuse ___ pressure gradients

A

down ; high to low

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11
Q

Diffusion between alveoli and blood is rapid because

A

Small diffusion barrier
Large surface area

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12
Q

Mixed venous blood

A

All systemic venous blood returns to the right atrium and is pumped out of the right ventricle and into the pulmonary artery

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13
Q

Amount of O2 and CO2 that is exchanged in a vascular bed depends on?

A
  • metabolic activity of the tissue
  • Greater rate of metabolism → greater exchange
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14
Q

Blood in pulmonary artery =

A

mixed venous blood

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15
Q

Factors affecting alveolar partial pressures

A
  • PO2 and PCO2 of inspired air
  • Minute alveolar ventilation
  • Rates at which respiring tissues use O2 and produce CO2 (most critical)
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16
Q

Hyperpnea

A

increased ventilation due to increased demand

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17
Q

Hypoventilation

A
  • ventilation does not meet demands
  • Arterial PO2 decreases
  • Arterial PCO2 increases
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18
Q

Hyperventilation

A
  • ventilation exceeds demands
  • Arterial PO2 increases
  • Arterial PCO2 decreases
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19
Q

Dyspnea

A

labored or difficult breathing

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20
Q

Apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

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21
Q

Tachypnea

A

rapid, shallow brathing

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22
Q

hypoxia

A

deficiency of O2 in tissues

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23
Q

hypoxemia

A

deficiency of O2 in the blood

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24
Q

Hypercapnia

A

excess of CO2 in the blood

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25
hypocapnia
deficiency of CO2 in the blood
26
eupnea
normal breathing
27
Oxygen transport by
hemoglobin
28
O2 is ____ very soluble in plasma
not
29
Hb =
deoxyhemoglobin
30
Hb*O2 =
oxyhemoglobin
31
Hemoglobin can bind up to ___ oxygen molecules
four
32
Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin follows the ______
law of mass action
33
More oxygen →
more binds to hemoglobin
34
100% saturation →
all four binding sites on hemoglobin have oxygen bound to them
35
O2-carrying capacity of blood
- 1 g hemoglobin carries 1.34 mL O2 - Normal blood hemoglobin levels 2–17 g/dL - O2-carrying capacity of hemoglobin in blood 200 mL O2 per 1 L blood
36
Arterial blood
Hemoglobin is 98.5% saturated
37
Venous blood
Hemoglobin is 75% saturated
38
Shift right in Hb*O2 dissociation
Less loading of O2 and more unloading
39
Shift left in Hb*O2 dissociation
More loading of O2 and less unloading
40
Effects of high temperature on Hb*O2 dissociation curve
Active tissues Shift right More O2 unloading in tissues More O2 delivery to tissues
41
Bohr effect
Lower pH increases O2 unloading
42
Active tissues
- Produce more acid; pH decreases in tissues - Decreased pH causes shift right in saturation curve - More O2 is unloaded to tissues
43
Effects of CO2–carbamino effect
- CO2 reacts with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin - Hb + CO2 -> HbCO2 - Increased oxygen unloading in active tissue - lower affinity for oxygen than Hb
44
Increased metabolic activity →
increases CO2
45
Effect of 2,3-DPG
- Produced in red blood cells under conditions of low O2 such as anemia and high altitude - Synthesis inhibited by oxyhemoglobin - 2,3-DPG decreases affinity of hemoglobin for O2, enhancing O2 unloading
46
Effect of carbon monoxide
- Hemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) than for O2 - Prevents O2 from binding to hemoglobin
47
CO2 is ___ soluble in plasma than O2, but still not very soluble
more
48
CO2 can be converted to ______ by erythrocytes, then transported in plasma
bicarbonate
49
Carbonic anhydrase
Enzyme that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid
50
Law of mass action
an increase in CO2 causes an increase in bicarbonate and hydrogen ions CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3
51
Inspiration (nerves)
Phrenic nerve → diaphragm External intercostal nerve → external intercostal muscles
52
Expiration (nerves)
Internal intercostal nerve → internal intercostal muscles
53
Brainstem respiratory centers
Inspiratory neurons Expiratory neurons Mixed neurons
54
Inspiratory neurons
Depolarize during inspiration
55
Expiratory neurons
Depolarize during expiration
56
Mixed neurons
Have properties of both inspiratory and expiratory neurons
57
Label figure 17.15
58
what are the two respiratory control centers located on each side of the medulla
Ventral respiratory group (VRG) Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
59
Inspiratory neurons are hypothesized to control?
motor neurons to inspiratory muscles
60
Expiratory neurons are hypothesized to control
motor neurons to expiratory muscles and/or inhibit inspiratory neurons
61
Pontine respiratory group
- Contains inspiratory, expiratory, and mixed neurons - May regulate transitions between inspiration 
and expiration
62
Central pattern generator
- Central pattern generator establishes respiratory cycle - Location and mechanism of action are unknown
63
Chemoreceptors
Detect levels of O2 and CO2 Two types
64
two types of chemoreceptors
- Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid bodies - Central chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata
65
Peripheral chemoreceptors
- Located in carotid bodies near carotid sinus - Direct contact with arterial blood - Communicate with afferent neurons via chemical messenger - Afferent neurons project to medullary respiratory control areas - Respond mainly to changes in blood pH
66
Central chemoreceptors
- Located on the ventral surface of medulla - Respond to changes in pH of the CSF - Not directly responsive to CO2 - Not responsive to changes in [O2]
67
Ventilation (V) = Perfusion (Q) =
rate of air flow rate of blood flow - Local ventilation and perfusion are regulated 
to match - VA/Q
68
If ventilation to certain alveoli decreases
Increased PCO2 and decreased PO2 in blood and air
69
Increased PCO2 in bronchioles →
bronchodilation
70
Decreased PO2 in P. arterioles →
vasoconstriction
71
If perfusion to certain alveoli decreases
Increased PO2 and decreased PCO2 in blood and air
72
Increased PO2 in P. arterioles →
vasodilation
73
Decreased PCO2 in bronchioles →
bronchoconstriction
74
Normal blood pH =
7.4 (range 7.3–7.42)
75
___ and ___systems regulate blood pH
Respiratory ; renal
76
Changes in pH alter?
protein activity
77
Acidosis
blood pH < 7.35 CNS depression
78
Alkalosis
blood pH > 7.45 CNS over-excitation
79
Hemoglobin and bicarbonate function as a ?
buffer
80
Respiratory system regulates ____ ; Kidneys regulate ____
CO2; HCO3-
81
Respiratory acid-base disturbances
- Respiratory acidosis (Caused by increased CO2) - Respiratory alkalosis (Caused by decreased CO2)

A&P II (8 decks)

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