Chapter 19 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Blood is what kind of tissue
A
fluid connective tissue
2
Q
how much blood in the body
A
5 L
3
Q
how much of body weight is blood
A
8%
4
Q
What are the components of blood
A
- plasma (liquid ecm)
- formed elements
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
5
Q
- red blood cells aka
A
erythrocytes
6
Q
- white blood cells aka
A
leukocytes
7
Q
what happens to blood when it is centriguged
A
th components of blood separate into three distinct layers
8
Q
what is the top layer of centrifuged blood
A
plasma
9
Q
how much of the volume of blood is plasma
A
55%
10
Q
what is the middle layer of centrifuged blood
A
the buffy coat
11
Q
what is in the buffy coat of centrifuged blood
A
leukocytes and platelets
12
Q
how much of the volume of blood is the buffy coat
A
1%
13
Q
what is the bottom layer of centrifuged blood
A
erythrocytes
14
Q
how much of the volume of blood is erythrocytes
A
44%
15
Q
what is a hematocrit
A
the percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes
16
Q
what are the main functions of blood
A
- exchanging gases
- distributing solutes
- performing immune functions
- sealing damaged vessels by forming blood clots
- preserving acid-base homeostasis
- stabilizing blood pressure
17
Q
how does blood exchange gases
A
Oxygen is transported from the lungs to tissues mostly by erythrocytes; Erythrocytes and plasma transmit carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs
18
Q
how does blood distribute solutes
A
Blood transmits many solutes, including nutrients, hormones, ion, and wastes
19
Q
how does blood how does blood perform immune functions
A
Leukocytes and proteins of the immune system use blood to reach all body tissues
20
Q
how does blood seal damaged vessels
A
When a blood vessel is broken, platelets and certain proteins form a blood clot that seals the vessel
21
Q
how does blood preserve acid-base homeostasis
A
The p H of blood is maintained within the narrow range of 7.35–7.45 because blood composition controls many of the body’s most important buffer systems
22
Q
how does blood stabilize blood pressure
A
Blood volume is a primary factor in determining blood pressure, therefore maintaining blood volume is vital to maintaining a stable blood pressure
23
Q
what is plasma
A
pale yellow liquid which is important in determining the viscosity of blood
24
Q
how much of plasma is water
A
about 90%
25
about 1% of plasma volume is what
- a variety of small solutes that dissolve in water and form a solution
- includes glucose, amino acids, nitogenous wastes, ions, and some oxygen and carbon dioxide
26
about 9% of plasma volume is what
plasma proteins
27
where are plasma proteins mostly made
the liver
28
What is the shape of erythrocytes
biconcave discs
29
why are erythrocytes biconcave discs
gives them a large surface-to-volume ratio that is critical to their role in gas exchange
30
what organelles do erythrocytes have
lack nuclei, mitochondria, and most other organelles
consist of little more than a plasma membrane surrounding cytosol filled with enzymes and one billion molecules of hemoglobin
31
how many oxygen molecules do erythrocytes carry
about 1 billion
32
what is hemoglobin
- the protein in blood which carries oxygen
- consists of four polypeptide subunits
- each polypeptide is bound to an iron-containing Heme group
- the heme binds to oxygen in parts of the body where oxygen is high
- forms oxyhemoglobin
33
what protein carries oxygen in erythrocytes
hemoglobin
34
what is oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin which has oxygen binded to it
oxygenated hemoglobin
35
what is deoxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin when does not have oxygen binded to it
deoxygenated hemoglobin
36
what are the subunits of hemoglobin
two alpha chains and two beta chains
37
hemoglobin is bright red when ...
all four heme groups are bound to oxygen
38
hemoglobin is dark red when ...
heme groups are not bound to oxygen
39
why do veins look blue
light refraction
the blood is just dark red
40
what is carboxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin which is binded to carbon monoxide
41
why is carboxyhemoglobin lethal
carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin 200 times more strongly than oxyegn
this means when CO binds, it does not detach, and the hemoglobin can no longer oxygenate the rest of the body
42
erythrocytes squeeze through how many blood vessels
100 000
43
why can't erythrocytes repair themselves
they lack the cellular machinery
44
* what is the lifespan of erythrocytes
100-120 days
closer to 120
45
what is hematopoiesis
production of formed elements in the blood from hematopoietic stem cells
occurs in red bone marrow in spongy bone
46
* what are the steps of formation of red blood cells
- hematopoietic stem cell
- erythrocyte coloby forming unit
- proerythroblast
- early erythroblast
- late erythroblast
- reticulocyte
- erythrocyte
47
what is erythropoiesis
the formation of erythrocytes
takes about 5-7 days
about 250 billion cells are formed per day
48
what are erythroblasts
the stage of erythropoiesis which synthesizes hemoglobin
49
what is erythropoietin
hormone secreted by the kidneys
needed to turn erythrocyte colony forming units into proerythroblasts
50
what are reticulocytes
the stage of erythropoisis where all remaining organelles are ejected from the cell
51
what hormone stimulates erythrocyte colony-forming units to turn to proerythroblasts
erythropoeitin
52
where does erythropoietin come from
kidneys
53
What are the steps of regulation of erythropoiesis
1. stimulus
2. receptor
3. control center
4. effector/response
5. return to normal range
54
what is the stimulus for regulation of erythropoiesis
- blood oxygen level decreases below the normal range of about 104 mm Hg
55
what kinds of events can trigger a stimulus for erythropoiesis
- respiratory problems
- heart conditions
- reduced availability of oxygen
56
what is the lower limit of the normal range of blood oxygen levels
104 mm Hg
57
what is the receptor for regulation of erythropoiesis
-kidney cells detect a low oxygen level in the blood
- chemoreceptor cells are stimulated if oxygen is low
58
what is the control center of regulation of erythropoiesis
- kidneys produce more erythropoietin and release it into the blood
- erythropoietin communicates with HSCs in bone marrow
59
what is the effector/response of regulation of erythropoiesis
- rate of erythropoiesis increases
- time of erythrocyte maturations decreases
- hematocrit rises
60
how does erythropoiesis return to the normal range
receptors in the kidneys detect the return of blood oxygen to the normal range
the kidneys decrease production of erythropoietin
61
where do erythrocytes go to die
spleen
62
what is the nickname of the spleen
the red blood cell graveyard
63
what are the steps of erythrocyte death
1. Erythrocytes become trapped in the spleen
2. Spleen macrophages digest erythrocytes
Macrophages are phagocytes that ingest and destroy older erythrocytes and other cells
3. Globin is broken down into amino acids -> goes to blood to be used in formation of new proteins.
4. Iron from the heme group binds to proteins and is stored in the liver or is placed in a new heme molecule
5. heme is turned into bilirubin which is sent to the liver for excretion
64
what happens to erythrocytes as they start to die
the plasma membranes of erythrocytes become less flexible, and they are unable to exit the spleen
65
during erythrocye death, what happens to bilirubin
sent to the liver for excretion
66
during erthyrocyte death, what happens to globins
broken down into amino acids, go into blood to be used in formation of new proteins
67
what is anemia defined as
Defined as decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
68
what are the causes of anemia
- decreased hemoglobin
- decreased hematocrit
- abnormal hemoglobin
69
what can severe anemia cause (symptoms)
- rapid heart rate
- fatal if untreated
70
what can anemia cause (symptoms)
- pallor (pale skin, gums, nail beds)
- fatigue
- weakness
- shortness of breath
71
what is the most common cause of abnormal hemoglobin
sickle cell disease
72
what happens to erythrocytes in sickle cell disease
hemoglobin S molecules line up and form chains, forcing erythrocytes to sickle - turn into a sickle shape. clogs blood vessels
73
how are individuals with a single copy of the defective gene of sickle cell disease
they have the sickle cell trait
- usually asymptomatic
- provides protection against malaria
74
where are leukocytes produced
division of stem cells in bone marrow
75
what are the functions of leukocytes
- protect against infection
- regulate the inflammatory response
76
what are the major categories of leukocytes
- granular
- agranular
77
what are examples of granular leukocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
78
what are examples ofagranular leukocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
79
what are granular leukocytes
leukocytes which contain visible granules in their cytoplasm
80
what are agranular leukocytes
leukocytes which contain fewer and less obvious granules in their cytoplasm
81
what is the life span of leukocytes
1-20 days
82
what are leukocyte levels like
circulating levels can rise quickly in response to infection
83
if leukocytes leave blood, where can they go
intersitial fluid or lymph
84
platelets are involved in what
blood clotting
85
what are the organelles like in platelets
lack nuclei and most organelles
contain microtubules assosciated with actin and myosin filaments
86
platelets contain...
- granules with clotting factors and enzymes
- some mitochondria
- glycogen to carry out oxidative catabolism
87
what are megakaryocytes
the beginning of platelets
- arise from division of stem cells in bone marrow
- in the bone marrow, they break into fragments called platelets
88
where do platelets comes from
megakaryocytes in bone marrow
89
if a blood vessel is injured, what initiates blood clotting
platelets
90
what are the three stages of stopping blood loss
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation
91
what is hemostasis
the process that stops blood loss from an injured blood vessel
involves a series of events that form a gelatinous blood clot to plug the broken vessel
92
hemostasis - what is vascular spasm
constriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow
93
hemostasis - what is platelet plug formation
sealing of the ruptured blood vessel
94
hemostasis - what is coagulation
formation of a blood clot
- blood changes from a liquid to a gel
- complex series of reactions involving at least 12 different clotting proteins in the plasma
95
What are bleeding disorders
disorders where blood is unable to clot
often result from clotting protein deficiences such as
Hemophilia A caused by a shortage of factor VIII (protein)
Hemophilia B caused by inadequate factor IX (protein)
96
what is thrombosis
an inappropriate blood clot which can obstruct blood flow through a vessel
97
what are hypercoagulable conditions
a condition where an individual is prone to blood clotting and thrombosis
98
what are blood transfusions
blood is removed from a donor and given to a recipient
99
what are blood groups
the type of blood determined by the antigens on erythrocytes made of carbohydrate chains that are genetically determined
100
how many different types of antigens can be found on erythrocytes
30
101
where are antigens of blood found
on erythrocytes
102
what blood groups are clinically important
- ABO
- Rh
103
how many blood types
8
104
what happens if a person recieves the wrong blood type in a transfusion
the individual would have a transfusion reaction, destroys the donor erythrocytes, possibly leading to kidney failure and death
105
if Patient X has blood type O-
what blood types can they
donate to
receive from
donate to
O-, O+, A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+
recieve from
O-
106
if Patient X has blood type O+
what blood types can they
donate to
receive from
donate to
O+, A+, B+, AB+
recieve from
O-, O+
107
if Patient X has blood type A-
what blood types can they
donate to
receive from
donate to
A-, A+, AB-, AB+
recieve from
O-, A-
108
if Patient X has blood type A+
what blood types can they
donate to
receive from
donate to
A+, AB+
recieve from
O-, O+, A-, A+
109
if Patient X has blood type B-
what blood types can they
donate to
receive from
donate to
B-, B+, AB-, AB+
recieve from
O-, B-
110
if Patient X has blood type B+
what blood types can they
donate to
receive from
donate to
B+, AB+
recieve from
O-, O+, B-, B+
111
if Patient X has blood type AB-
what blood types can they
donate to
receive from
donate to
AB-, AB+
recieve from
O-, A-, B-, AB-
112
if Patient X has blood type AB+
what blood types can they
donate to
receive from
donate to
AB+
recieve from
O-, O+, A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+
113
why can't mismatching blood types mix
a blood type without a certain antigen has pre formed antibodies agaisnt those antigens
if the antigens and the antibodies mix, it cause the blood to agglutinate - blood cells clumps together and get destroyed.
