Chapter 19: Cancer Medicine

Question 1

benign tumors

Answer 1

+ grow slowly
+ usually encapsulated
+ differentiated
+ do not metastasize

Question 2

malignant tumors

Answer 2

+ multiply rapidly
+ invasive, infiltrate
+ undifferentiated
+ do metastisize

Question 3

rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 3

malignancy in muscle cell

Question 4

carcinogenesis

Answer 4

+ damage to genetic material

+ DNA: controls production of new cells (cell division) and controls the production of new proteins

+ mitosis: cell division (daughter cells are usually the same as the parent cells)

+ anaplastic (malignant cells are anaplastic): the DNA stops making normal codes that allow normal cells to continue to differentiating

+ apoptosis: programmed cell death… cancer cells often lose this ability

Question 5

chemical carcinogens (environmental agents)

Answer 5

hydrocarbons (found in nicotine products, automobile exhaust, insecticides, dyes, industrial chemicals, asbestos and hormones)

Question 6

radiation (environmental agents)

Answer 6

sunlight, x-rays, radioactive substances - their energy damages the DNA

Question 7

viruses (environmental agents)

Answer 7

human T cells leukemia virus, HPV, hepatitis B & C viruses

Question 8

oncogenes

Answer 8

pieces of normal DNA that when activated by mutation can convert a normal cell to a cancerous cell

the mutation is called translocation

Question 9

translocation

Answer 9

mutation of oncogenes

Question 10

heredity

Answer 10

caused by defects in the DNA of the sperm or egg cell

examples: retinoblastoma, adenomatous polyposis

inherited changes can be detected by anayzing DNA in any tissue of the body (expensive)

Question 11

histogenesis

Answer 11

tissue that generates the tumor

Question 12

carcinomas

Answer 12

cancerous tumor (solid, epithelial tissue)

Question 13

sarcomas

Answer 13

tumor of connective tissues (bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow)

Question 14

mixed-tissue tumors

Answer 14

derived from tissue capable of differentiating into both epithelial and connective (kidney, ovary, testes)

Question 15

carcinomas

Answer 15

solid tumors derived from epithelial tissue hat lines external and internal body surfaces (skin, glands, digestive, urinary and reproductive organs)

Question 16

sarcomas

Answer 16

arise from connective tissue (bone, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, lymphatic system)

Question 17

mixed-tissue tumors

Answer 17

derived from tissue that is capable of differentiating into both epithelial and connective tissue (Wilm’s tumors, skin, gland cells, cartilage and “germ cell” tumors)

Question 18

cystic

Answer 18

forming large open spaces filled with fluid

Question 19

mucus

Answer 19

filled with thick mucus

Question 20

funygating

Answer 20

tumor cells are piled one on top of another

Question 21

inflammatory

Answer 21

redness, swelling and heat

Question 22

medullary

Answer 22

large, soft, fleshy tumors

Question 23

necrotic

Answer 23

containing dead tissue

Question 24

polypoid

Answer 24

growth form projections extending from base

Question 25

ulcertaing

Answer 25

open, exposed surface resulting from death of overlying tumors

Question 26

verricous

Answer 26

resembling a wart-like growth

Question 27

aveolar

Answer 27

patterns resembling small sacs

Question 28

carcinoma in situ

Answer 28

localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures

Question 29

diffuse

Answer 29

spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue

Question 30

dysplastic

Answer 30

containing abnormal-appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous

Question 31

epidermoid

Answer 31

resembling squamous epithelial cells

Question 32

follicular

Answer 32

forming small glandular sacs

Question 33

papillary

Answer 33

forming small, finger-like or nipple-like projection of cells

Question 34

pleomorphic

Answer 34

composed of a variety of types of cells

Question 35

Schirrous

Answer 35

densely packed due to dense bands of fibrous tissue

Question 36

undifferentiated

Answer 36

lacking microscopic structure of normal maser cells

Question 37

Grade 1

Answer 37

tumors are very well differentiated; closely resemble normal cells

Question 38

Grade 2 and 3

Answer 38

tumors are intermediate and appearance, moderately or poorly differentiated

Question 39

Grade 4

Answer 39

tumors are undifferentiated

Question 40

Grading

Answer 40

used in evaluating biopsies. may also be used in evaluating cells obtained from body fluids (such as papnicolaou smears)

Question 41

Staging

Answer 41

based on extent of spead of tumor, relying on careful definition of size and possile metastatic spread of tumor. Uses the CT, or combination of PET-CT, MRI, and radioactive bone scans.