Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medical Terminology > Chapter 18: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

hormones

A

regulate function of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones directly into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

exocrine glands

A

send chemical substance (such as tears) through the ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

thyroid gland (T4, T3)

A

secretes hormones:
+ thyroxine (T4)
+ triiodothyronine (T3)

Both necessary to maintain normal metabolism. Help with oxygen uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

thyroid gland (calcitonin)

A

calcitonin: third thyroid hormone

+ secreted when calcium levels in blood are high - causes calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone. This process strengthens weakened bone tissue and prevents spontaneous bone fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

parathyroid glands

A

secretes parathormone:

+ this hormone mobilizes calcium from bones into bloodstream. If blood Ca++ hormone (calcitonin) decreases, parathormone increases, causing calcium to leave bone and enter the bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

adrenal glands

A

two parts: cortex and medulla

cortex secretes steroids (corticosteroids)

glucocorticoids: help regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Raises blood glucose in times of stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

glucocorticoids (from adrenal glands)

A

help regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Raises blood glucose in times of stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

adrenal cortex

A

mineralocorticoids: aldosterone

+ regulates concentration of mineral salts (Na+, K+)

helps kidney absorb Na+ and excrete K+ to regulate blood volume and BP and electrolyte concentration

sex hormone: (androgens and estrogens (the 3 “s” sugar, salt, and sex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sex hormone

A

androgens and estrogens (the 3 “s” sugar, salt, and sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine
+ increases HR and BP
+ dilates bronchi
+ release glucose

norepinephrine
+ constricts blood vessels and increases BP

both epi and norepi imitate actors of sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pancreas

A

islets produces insuline and glucagon

both regulate blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

insulin

A

decrease blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

glucagon

A

secreted when blood glucose levels decreases, acts on on the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pituitary gland (anterior lobe)

A 
secretes:
\+ growth hormone
\+ thyroid stimulating hormone
\+ adrenocorticotropic hormone
\+ gonadotropic hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pituitary gland (posterior lobe)

A

secretes:
+ antmdurectic hormone: regulates urine excretion (vasopressin)

+ oxytocin: stimulates uterine contraction, milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

aden/o

A

gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

gonad/o

A

sex glands (ovaries, testes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pituitar/o

A

pituitary

hypophysis (under growth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

thyr/o

thyroid/o

A

thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

andr/o

A

male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
calc/o | calci/o
calcium
26
cortic/o
cortex, outer region
27
crin/o
to secrete
28
estr/o
female
29
gluc/o
sugar
30
home/o
sameness
31
hormon/o
hormone
32
kal/i
potassium
33
lact/o
milk
34
myx/o
mucus
35
natr/o
sodium
36
phys/o
growing
37
somat/o
body
38
ster/o
steroid
39
toc/o
childbirth
40
ur/o
urine | urinary tract
41
hypophysectomy
surgical removal (excision) of the pituitary gland
42
-agon
assemble, gather together
43
-emia
blood condition
44
- in | - ine
substance
45
-tropin
stimulating the function of (turn, act on)
46
-uria
urination, urine condition
47
eu-
good, normal
48
hyper-
excessive, above
49
hypo-
deficient, below
50
oxy-
oxygen
51
poly-
many, much
52
tetra-
four
53
tri-
three
54
tri-
three
55
hypothyroidism
deficient activity of thyroid gland + goiter (thyromegaly)
56
exophthalmos hyperthyroidism
excessive secretion of thyroid gland
57
cretinism: | hypo-secretion of thyroid
congenital. child born without thyroid, or with thyroid produces little thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
58
myxedema | thyroid gland hypo-secretion
is caused by an accumulation of tissue products, such as glycosaminoglycans, in the skin. +it is almost always hypothyroidism +specific causes of hypothyroidism that can lead to myxedema include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroidectomy, and Grave's disease.
59
Cushing's syndrome | hyper-secretion of adrenal cortex
excess cortisol production resulting in excess deposits of fat; hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, osteoporosis, virilization, hypertension. (some caused by pituitary tumors, or excess use of cortisones) Treatment: surgery, radiation of the pituitary - if a tumor; slow withdrawal of corticosteroid.
60
Addison's Disease | hypo-secretion of adrenal gland
deficient secretion from adrenal cortex. symptoms: darkening of the skin, low blood pressure, muscle weakness, depression, irritability, decreased appetite and weight loss. An ACTH blood test for level of cortisol in blood, helps diagnose. Treatment: will need to take oral hydrocortisone and synthetic form of aldosterone.
61
thyroid carcinoma (cancerous tumor of the thyroid)
radioactive iodine uptake scans (RAIU) distinguish hyper-functioning from hypo-functioning areas +"hot" tumors areas vs. "cold tumors" areas.
62
hyperparathyroidism
excessive secretion of parathormone: result in hypercalcemia, which can produce damage to kidneys and heart +bones are decalcified, leading to osteoporosis, fractures, cysts, kidney stones +usually treated by surgery
63
hypoparathyroidism
deficient secretion of parathormone: may lead to tetany (involuntary spasms of muscle) +sometimes caused by inadvertent removal of the parathyroid glands when the surgeon performs a thyroidectomy +may be autoimmune +may be genetic +treated by administration of Vitamin D and Calcium
64
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
an autoimmune disease +auto-antibodies against normal pancreatic islet cells are present. patient must take insulin (injectable)
65
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 is a separate disease. Patients are usually older. Islet cells are usually not destroyed, but insulin resistance develops. Treatment: diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic agents. These stimulate the release of insulin from pancreas and improved body's sensitivity to insulin
66
metabolic syndrome:
groups of s/s including insulin resistance, obesity (fat accumulates around the waist), hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of "good" cholesterol HDL
67
Hyperglycemia | primary complication of type 1 DM
which can lead to ketoacidosis
68
``` insulin shock (primary complication of type 1 DM) ```
occurs with too much insulin decreased intake of food, excessive exercise
69
secondary complications of DM
diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, gastroparesis
70
gestational diabetes
women with predisposition to diabetes can develop +blood glucose returns to normal after delivery, but may return to type 2 later on.
71
fasting blood sugar (lab test for DM)
fasting blood sugar (FBS): any reading over 100mg/dL indicates prediabetes or diabetes (if 126 mg/dL)
72
HbA1C
glycosylated hemoglobin. monitor blood glucose
73
acromegaly
enlargement of extremities +hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary well after puberty results in this
74
Gigantism
hypersecretion of growth hormone (occurs before puberty) treatment: medication to block activity of growth hormone; surgery
75
hyposecretion of pituitary
a congenital condition. bones remain small. ``` may be caused by: + genetic mutations + trauma (including surgery) of the pituitary gland + tumors, trauma or irruption of the CNS + leukemia + idiopathic ``` treatment consist of administration of GH
76
Achondroplastic dwarfs vs. hypopituitary dwarfs
achondroplastic dwarfs differ from hypopituitary dwarfs in that they have a genetic defect in cartilage formation that limits the growth of long bones
77
excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
produces excess water retention in body treatment consists of dietary restriction of water. can result from tumors, drug reactions, or head injury
78
insufficient secretion of ADH
causes kidney tubules to fail to hold back needed water and salts. known as diabetes insipidus. characterized by polyuria and polydipsia
79
cortisol
hormone secreted by adrenal cortex
80
androgen
hormone (male)
81
hypercalcemia
blood condition of excessive calcium
82
hyponatremia
blood condition of deficient sodium
83
hypercalciuria
excessive calcium in the urine
84
polyuria
much, many urination
85
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of the adrenal gland
86
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
87
euthyroid
resembling a normal thyroid
88
glycemic
pertaining to glucose in the blood
89
gastroparesis
weakness of the stomach
90
hypothyroidism
state of deficient/below normal thyroxine
91
polydipsia
many, much thirst
92
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid
93
thyroidectomy
excision of the thyroid gland

Medical Terminology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions