Chapter 19: Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are the three types of blood vessels?

Answer 1

arteries, capillaries, veins

Question 2

Arteries carry blood ______________________

Answer 2

away from the heart

Question 3

Veins carry blood _________________________

Answer 3

toward the heart

Question 4

What do capillaries do?

Answer 4

contact tissue cells

Question 5

What are some of the physical differences between an artery and a vein?

Answer 5

Artery: contain a muscular wall, thicker,are able to withstand more pressure Vein: lack muscular wall, more like a drain rather than a pump, thinner

Question 6

What is the center of a blood vessel called? (central blood-containing space)

Answer 6

lumen

Question 7

What are the three wall layers in arteries and veins? (inside to outside)

Answer 7

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

Question 8

The tunica media is _______ in an artery than in a vein

Answer 8

thicker

Question 9

THe tunica externica is also known as __________

Answer 9

tunica adventida (nerves, lymphatic)

Question 10

Elastic arteries don’t _____________

Answer 10

vasodilate or vasocontrict (because if they did, blood would pump back into the heart and/or blood wouldn’t have enough pressure to pump to the whole body)

Question 11

Elastic arteries come from ___________ and contain __________

Answer 11

the heart (closest to the heart), elastin Elastic arteries are thick and large to accommodate for blood flow

Question 12

Muscular arteries go to ______ and contain_______

Answer 12

organs, smooth muscle

Question 13

Muscular arteries (can/cannot) vasoconstrict and vasodilate

Answer 13

can

Question 14

Can arterioles vasoconstrict and vasodilate?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

What do capillaries do?

Answer 15

“exchange vessels” exchange O2 and pick up CO2

Question 16

What is the equation for blood flow?

Answer 16

blood flow= ΔP/R (change in pressure over resistance)

Question 17

What is the equation for cardiac output?

Answer 17

blood volume/minute

Question 18

What is blood flow equal to?

Answer 18

BF=CO (blood flow=cardiac output)

Question 19

When blood pressure increases, ____________ (on aorta) trigger vessels to ____________ to reduce blood pressure

Answer 19

baroreceptors, vasodilate

Question 20

Capillaries are microscopic and have a _________ tunica intima, which allows ____________ to pass through

Answer 20

thin, only a single RBC to pass through at a time (single file)

Question 21

What are pericytes? And what do they control?

Answer 21

cells that help stabilize capillary walls (form barriers), like insulation They control permeability, more pericytes less leakage

Question 22

Capillaries provide direct access to __________________ and only have ______________

Answer 22

almost every cell, tunica intima

Question 23

Capillaries exchange ____, ____, ____, between __________ and ______________.

Answer 23

gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc, blood, and interstitial fluid

Question 24

What are the three capillary types?

Answer 24

1. Continuous (less openings, least permeable) 2. Fenestrated 3. Sinusoid (most permeable, most openings)

Question 25

Identify each of the three capillaries

Answer 25

a) Continuous (least permeable) b) Fenestrated c) Sinusoid (most permeable)

Question 26

What is microcirculation?

Answer 26

networks of capillaries between arterioles and venules

Question 27

What do precapillary sphincters do?

Answer 27

regulare blood flow into true capillaries or to shunt

Question 28

What is interstitial fluid?

Answer 28

The fluid the RBCs reside in (blood without RBCs)

Question 29

When your body is hot and needs to cool down precapillary sphincters _______________ so blood can flow \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

open, through true capillaries and cool down

Question 30

When your body is cold and needs to warm up, precapillary sphincters __________ so that blood can flow \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 30

close, through the metarteriole-throughfare channel and bypass true capillaries

Question 31

Venules form when \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 31

capillary beds unite

Question 32

Venules are very ______ which allows ______ and _______ into tissues

Answer 32

porous, fluids and WBCs

Question 33

Veins are formed when \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 33

venules converge

Question 34

Veins have _________ walls and ___________ lumens

Answer 34

thinner, larger

Question 35

Blood pressure is __________ in veins than in arteries

Answer 35

lower

Question 36

Veins are also called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and contain up to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% of blood suppy

Answer 36

capacitance vessels, 65%

Question 37

Veins don't have __________ and _______ blood to heart

Answer 37

muscular walls, drains

Question 38

Veins have ______ valves (unlike arteries)

Answer 38

one way valves

Question 39

What are three vein adaptations that ensure blood return to the heart?

Answer 39

1. Large diameter lumens 2. Venous valves 3. Venous sinuses (spaces)

Question 40

What are three factors that aid in venous return?

Answer 40

1. Muscular pump (skeletal muscle contraction "milks" blood toward heart) 2. Respiratory pump (breathing squeezes abdominal veins, which push blood toward heart, the diaphragm) 3. Venoconstriction (sympathetic NS, pushes blood toward heart)

Question 41

What is blood flow?

Answer 41

volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or entire circulation

Question 42

What is blood pressure (BP)?

Answer 42

force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood

Question 43

What is resistance (peripheral resistance)?

Answer 43

opposition to flow, amount of fiction blood encounters with vessel walls

Question 44

When resistance increases, blood flow \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 44

decreases

Question 45

Blood flow is _________ proportional to resistance

Answer 45

inversely (if R increases, blood flow decreases)

Question 46

Blood flow is __________ proportional to blood pressure gradient (ΔP)

Answer 46

directly (if ΔP increases, blood flow increases/speeds up)

Question 47

Where you would you find continuous capillaries?

Answer 47

skin, muscle, blood-brain barrier

Question 48

Where would you find fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 48

Areas of active absorption or filtration, kidney or small intestine

Question 49

Where would you find sinusoid capillaries?

Answer 49

liver, bone marrow, and spleen

Question 50

Capillary beds are where networked of capillaries form between ____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 50

arterioles and venules

Question 51

When the sphincters are closed, blood only flows from the terminal arteriole (red) through the ____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, then flows out of the postcapillary venule (blue)

Answer 51

Metaarteriole (red) and thoroughfare channel (blue)

Question 52

What drains the capillary bed?

Answer 52

the postcapillary venule

Question 53

What are the some short term ways to counteract fluctuations in blood pressure?

Answer 53

(by means of neural and hormonal controls) altering resistance and CO by vasoconstriction or vasodilation, baroreceptors, epinephrine, and noepinephrine

Question 54

How does your body counteract fluctuation in blood pressure long term?

Answer 54

direct or indirect renal regulation (which alters blood volume via urine output or retaining water)