Chapter 23: Digestive System

Question 1

The liver _____________ the blood, and makes blood _____________

Answer 1

filters, proteins

Question 2

The liver gets rid of _____________

Answer 2

hydrophobic waste

Question 3

The liver metabolizes _____________, _____________, and _____________. As well as detoxes _____________

Answer 3

fats, carbs, and proteins, ethanol detox

Question 4

The liver stores _____________ and makes _____________

Answer 4

stores fat soluble vitamins and makes bile

Question 5

Gall bladder functions:

Answer 5

stores and concentrates bile (bile breaks down or emulsifies fat)

Question 6

_____________ breaks down fat into smaller molecules surrounded by _____________ which allows for easier digestion

Answer 6

bile, micelles

Question 7

What are the 4 exocrine enzymes that the pancreas secretes?

Answer 7

lipase (fat), protease (protein), amylase (carbs), and nuclease (nucleic acid, DNA, RNA)

Question 8

What neutralizes the pH of chyme and what organ secretes it?

Answer 8

bicarbonate (HCO3-), pancreas

Question 9

Where are pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate secreted?

Answer 9

into the small intestine via the hepato-pancreatic sphincter (aka the sphincter of oddius)

Question 10

What are the 5 layers of the alimentary canal (from inside to outside)?

Answer 10

lumen, mucosa, submucosa, 2 layers of smooth muscle, serosa

Question 11

What is lumen?

Answer 11

the hollow where the food is stored in the alimentary canal

Question 12

What is the function of mucosa?

Answer 12

the protective layer (to ensure the organ doesn’t get digested).

Question 13

Submucosa contains _____________ in order to _____________

Answer 13

contains blood supply (capillaries, arteries, veins, lymph) to absorb nutrients

Question 14

Serosa is made up of _____________

Answer 14

connective tissue

Question 15

How does food move down the digestive tract?

Answer 15

due to peristalsis (muscles alternately contract and relax moving food down the pathway)

Question 16

What are the functions of the mouth?

Answer 16

grind food, moisture, begin starch breakdown/starch digestion

Question 17

What are the three structures in the mouth?

Answer 17

teeth, salivary glands, tongue

Question 18

What exocrine enzymes are secreted in the mouth?

Answer 18

saliva which is made up of amylase (carb breakdown) and lysozyme (kills some bacteria)

Question 19

What endocrine enzymes are secreted in the mouth?

Answer 19

none

Question 20

What is the function of the esophagus?

Answer 20

tube that brings food to the stomach

Question 21

What is the structure of the esophagus?

Answer 21

starts as skeletal muscle, ends at stomach as smooth muscle, cardiac sphincter (aka gastroesophageal sphincter)

Question 22

What connects the esophagus to the stomach?

Answer 22

cardiac sphincter (aka gastroesphageal sphincter)

Question 23

What exocrine enzymes are released in the esophagus?

Answer 23

none

Question 24

What endocrine enzymes are released in the esophagus?

Answer 24

none

Question 25

What are the functions of the stomach?

Answer 25

stores and grinds food, some limited digestion

Question 26

What are the two structures of the stomach?

Answer 26

``` gastric glands (or pits) pyloric sphincter ```

Question 27

What connects the stomach to the small intestine?

Answer 27

pyloric sphincter

Question 28

What three types of cells make up a gastric gland? (from deepest to stomach surface?

Answer 28

chief cells, parietal cells, mucous cells

Question 29

What do chief cells secrete?

Answer 29

pepsinogen

Question 30

What do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 30

HCL

Question 31

The exocrine enzymes secreted in the stomach are _____________ and _____________. Together the make _____________.

Answer 31

pepsinogen, HCL. Together they make pepsin (breaks down proteins)

Question 32

The endocrine enzyme that is released into the stomach is _____________ which is secreted by _____________

Answer 32

gastrin, secreted by G cells

Question 33

What does gastrin activate?

Answer 33

gastric glands

Question 34

What are the functions of the small intestine?

Answer 34

where most digestion occurs, and food absorption

Question 35

What are the three sections of the small intestine (in order- top to bottom)

Answer 35

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

Question 36

What are the two main structures in the small intestine?

Answer 36

circular folds (aka plicae circularis) and peyeris patches

Question 37

WHat are peyeris patches and where do they appear?

Answer 37

lymphoid tissue, appear toward end of small intestine

Question 38

What are the structures on the circular folds and what are their functions?

Answer 38

villi, increase surface area to absorb nutrients

Question 39

What structures make up the "brush border"? And where are they located?

Answer 39

microvilli, located on the villi in the small intestine

Question 40

List some examples of exocrine brush border enzymes and what they do.

Answer 40

ex) protease, lipase, amylase, nuclease. They breakdown molecules so they are easily digested (like a disaccharide into tow monosaccharides for absorption)

Question 41

Tripsinogen and enterokinase make _____________. (similar to pepsinogen and HCL in gastic glands)

Answer 41

trypsin (small intestine exocrine enzyme), which activates the pancreas (

Question 42

The lacteal system take nutrients from the small intestine to the liver via the _____________

Answer 42

hepatic portal system

Question 43

What are the three endocrine enzymes secreted in the small intestine?

Answer 43

CCK, enterogasterone, and secretin

Question 44

What does the enzyme CCK do?

Answer 44

is released in the duodenum and makes the gall bladder secrete bile (to break down fat)

Question 45

What does the enterogasterone do?

Answer 45

slows down stomach motility

Question 46

What does secretin do?

Answer 46

goes to the pancreas and secretes bicarbonate (neutralizes chyme)

Question 47

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Answer 47

stores waste, water absorption, contains bacteria that hep break down vitamins (like vitamin K)

Question 48

What 4 structures are in the large intestine?

Answer 48

ileocecal sphincter, internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, and lacteal vessels

Question 49

What does the ileocecal sphincter connect? and when does it open?

Answer 49

the small intestine to the large intestine (opens when food enters the stomach)

Question 50

The internal sphincter is made of _____________ and the external sphincter is made of _____________.

Answer 50

smooth muscle, skeletal muscle

Question 51

What do lacteal vessels do?

Answer 51

collect lipids in the large intestine

Question 52

What exocrine enzymes are released in the large intestine?

Answer 52

none

Question 53

What endocrine enzymes are released in the large intestine?

Answer 53

none

Question 54

_____________ cells are found in every region of the digestive tract.

Answer 54

goblet cells

Question 55

What do goblet cells do?

Answer 55

make mucin (mucin + water=mucus)

Question 56

Which three arteries make up the portal triad?

Answer 56

1. portal venule (brings blood into the cell) 2. arteriole (brings oxygenated blood into the cell) 3. Bile duct: brings bile out of liver cell to the gall bladder for storage

Question 57

What do macrophages do?

Answer 57

destroy bacteria

Question 58

What takes nutrient rich blood to the liver from the small intestine?

Answer 58

the hepatic portal system

Question 59

liver cell is also known as a _____________

Answer 59

hepatocyte

Question 60

central veins of liver cells lead to the _____________ vein to _____________ the liver

Answer 60

hepatic vein, drain the liver

Question 61

For more on the liver cell look on page 590 of the lab manual

Answer 61

;)

Question 62

What are 3 specific modifications of the small intestine histology?

Answer 62

Villi, microvilli, and intestinal crypts

Question 63

Goblet cells secrete ________.

Answer 63

mucus

Question 64

Bile is necessary for the digestion and absorption of _____.

Answer 64

Fats

Question 65

Its secretions moistens ingested food, cleanses and protects the mouth

Answer 65

salivary glands

Question 66

its secretions emulsifies fat for digestion and absorption of fat

Answer 66

The liver

Question 67

Its secretion digest major foodstuffs, and neutralize acid

Answer 67

Pancreas