Chapter 19 - Medieval Europe Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 19 - Medieval Europe Deck (34)
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1
Q

What was the Holy Roman Empire?

A

The Holy Roman Empire, formed by German princes, was a continuation of the Carolingian Dynasty. After the Carolingian empire collapsed, local authorities took control of their own regions.

2
Q

How did wealthy landowners undermine the theme system in the 11th century?

A

The theme system was undermined when wealthy landowners obtained the properties of individual peasants and accumulating the land into large estates. The prevalence of these large estates contributed to the decline of peasants joining the Byzantine military. The social class of free peasants gradually transformed into agricultural laborers.

3
Q

When was the Battle of Hastings?

A

The Battle of Hastings took place in 1066 AD.

4
Q

Who was King Capet?

A

King Hugh Capet of France was elected by nobles. His dynasty (Capetian) lasted 300 years. As king, he held only a small territory around Paris.

5
Q

What Germanic Tribe occupied England?

A

The Anglo-Saxons occupied England. Their monarchy originated from the Normans.

6
Q

Who did the Normans descend from?

A

The Normans were descendants of the Vikings.

7
Q

How did the Battle of Hastings start? What was the result of the battle?

A

In 1066, King Edward of England died without having named an heir. Thus, Edward’s brother-in-law Harold and William, Duke of Normandy both claimed the throne. In the same year, William (later known as William the Conqueror) invaded England. He defeats English King Harold due to his advantages in numbers, cavalry, and archers.

8
Q

How did Muslim control of Iberia vary throughout time?

A

Muslim states ruled most of the peninsula in the 7-8th century. However, in the mid-11th century, Christians began attacking these states. Finally, in the late 13th century, only Granada belonged to the Muslims.

9
Q

When did Muslims lose Granada?

A

Granada fell from the Muslims in 1492.

10
Q

What 3 social classes made up a simplified view of Medieval structure?

A

The 3 classes were those who prayed, (parish priests and popes) those who fought, (nobles who inherited their position and focused on equestrian and martial prowess) and those who worked. (peasants, which were the vast majority of the population)

11
Q

What were guilds and how did they eventually control much of the urban economy?

A

Guilds were organizations that restricted production and sale of goods within their specified jurisdiction. They assured quality with their products and productions and controlled prices in order to monopolize certain industries. Their prominence stemmed from city workers becoming organized and because urban nobles already dominated city affairs.

12
Q

What is chivalry?

A

Chivalry was an informal code of ethics that detailed appropriate behavior for nobles. It included a religious element with a pledge to service of God.

13
Q

What was the role of women in rural and urban societies in Medieval societies?

A

In rural societies, women maintained households and took care of domesticated animals. In urban societies, women worked as butchers, brewers, bakers, fishmongers, (fish butchers) merchants, medical field, and innkeepers as well as dominating the textile industry.

14
Q

How was Christianity spread during the High Middle Ages?

A

During this time, church officials encouraged the colonization of Pagan and Muslim territories. As a result, Christianity was brought to Finland, Prussia, and Lithuania. The Crusades also resulted, which were knights that mounted campaigns to seize the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims.

15
Q

Who was Eric the Red and what land did he discover?

A

A Viking known as Eric the Red discovered Greenland and set up a colony. These ventures made by Scandinavian seafarers were also a result of the church encouraging colonization of Muslim and Pagan territories. Though the land was certainly not green, it was given the name to attract travelers. Only 14 out of 25 ships arrived.

16
Q

What land did Leif Ericsson, son of Eric the Red, discover?

A

Leif Ericsson discovered modern-day Newfoundland, Canada, thus becoming the first European to discover North America. Like his father in Greenland, he set up a colony and named it Vinland after the wild grapes in the area.

17
Q

What was the reconquista?

A

The reconquista was the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims.

18
Q

Who was Queen Isabella of Spain?

A

Queen Isabella of Spain wanted to bring religious unity to Spain. More than 150,000 Jews and Muslims fled Spain under her reign due to her ending tolerance of non-Christians. She also instituted the Inquisition, which tried accused people for heresy. People who refused to conform were burned at a stake. A unified Spain was formed when she married fellow monarch Ferdinand in 1469.

19
Q

When did Duke William of Normandy become known as William the Conqueror?

A

He earned the title when he defeated King Harold in the Battle of Hastings.

20
Q

What does the word Crusade mean?

A

The word means “holy war”.

21
Q

Which pope initiated the Crusades?

A

Pope Urban II initiated the Crusades.

22
Q

What happened in the 1st Crusade?

A

In the 1st Crusade, (1097) Edessa, Antioch, and Jerusalem the Holy Land were captured. The four Crusader states established were the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antioch, and the countries of Tripoli and Edessa. In 1144, Turks captured Edessa.

23
Q

What event led to the start of the 3rd Crusade?

A

The 3rd Crusade was called when Muslim general Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187.

24
Q

Who was Richard I? (Also known as Richard the Lion-Hearted)

A

He was a leading figure of the 3rd Crusade, which ended in a stalemate when Richard had to return to England to protect his throne.

25
Q

What incentives were there for peasants and nobles to join the Crusades?

A

Some incentives include adventure, (fun) money, land, and prestige and status for noblemen.

26
Q

What incentive was there for Pope Urban II to initiate the Crusades?

A

Some incentives include legacy, unity, faith, expansion, and influence.

27
Q

Who was Otto I?

A

Otto of Saxony established himself as king of Northern Germany. He quelled political disturbances in Italy and protected the church. The Holy Roman Empire was born when Otto was made emperor by Pope John XII.

28
Q

Why did Pope Gregory VII excommunicate Emperor Henry IV?

A

Henry was excommunicated when he challenged Pope Gregory’s policy regarding an end to the selection and installation of church officials by rulers such as emperors.

29
Q

Who was Frederick Barbarossa?

A

Frederick Barbarossa was a medieval emperor who sought to absorb Lombardy as a part of his empire because it would provide the resources to control the German princes in the area and thus, dominate most of Europe. The papal coalition forced him to give up his rights in Lombardy because they did not approve of the idea.

30
Q

What did Voltaire say about the Holy Roman Empire and why?

A

He said that it was “neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire” because it was a regional state rather than an empire.

31
Q

What new technologies were utilized by Europeans in the High Middle Ages?

A

Europeans during this time used horseshoes and horse collars. They increased the amount of land that cultivators could use. Horseshoes prevented split hooves on horses that traversed moist soil. Horse collars placed the burden on the horse’s chest and shoulders rather than the neck. Horse collars prevented a horse from getting choked to death.

32
Q

What was the Hanseatic League?

A

They were a well developed trade network active in the Baltic and North Sea. They were also known as the Hansa.

33
Q

Which ancient philosopher did St. Thomas Aquinas study regarding the existence of God?

A

He studied Aristotle.

34
Q

Where does the word Crusade derive from?

A

It derives from “crux” which means cross.