Chapter 33 and 34 - Age of Anxiety Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 33 and 34 - Age of Anxiety Deck (58)
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1
Q

What were aircrafts used for throughout the war?

A

Both sides used aircrafts. Initially, their main purpose was observation but pilots would later carry pistols and rifles. This was very ineffective. Subsequently, Germany used Zeppelins (blimps) to bomb the English coast. Finally, machines were mounted to the front of the cockpit and the planes would confront in battles known as dogfights. Additionally, airplanes were used for scouting and readjusting artillery.

2
Q

What was the life of a pilot like?

A

Pilots (“Flying Aces”) were seen as the heroes of the period. However, more than half of all pilots killed were killed during their training. Pilots had a several weeks life expectancy which encompassed 50 hours of flight time.

3
Q

Who was Baron Richthofen?

A

Baron Richthofen (Red Baron) painted his plane red and decorated the walls with the serial numbers of downed British aircraft. He crashed on his first flight and almost died. He had 80 kills.

4
Q

When did the war end?

A

The war ended on the 11th hour of November 11th, 1918.

5
Q

What were U-boats?

A

U-boats were German submarines that targeted merchant vessels and were, on average, about 10 miles per hour. Allies countered them with destroyers and convoys. (group of merchant ships protected by warships)

6
Q

How did U-boats threaten the “Western Way of War” and “civilized warfare”?

A

Hiding underwater like submarines did was against the Western Way of War, which entails lining up on a battlefield and engaging in pitched battle. U-boats threatened civilized warfare because they targeted merchants, who are civilians.

7
Q

What are tanks?

A

Tanks were partly developed as a response to trench warfare. The British were the first to bring them to the battlefield in 1918. The code name “tank” originated from its early days of being disguised as a vehicle to transport to water tanks. Tanks were basically armored cars but instead used tracks.

8
Q

What were flamethrowers used for?

A

Flamethrowers were used to counter trench warfare but they would explode if they were ever shot.

9
Q

What was the Battle on the Eastern Front like?

A

There was no natural border to prevent flanks. In August 1914, Russian armies pushed into eastern Germany but were defeated at Tannenburg because they lacked supplies.

10
Q

What was the Dardanelles?

A

It was the strait connecting the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. Russia utilized it for supplies coming in but it was eventually cut during the war.

11
Q

What happened in the Battle of Gallipoli?

A

Turkish troops trapped Allies on the beach. By 1916, the Allies left with over 200,000 casualties.

12
Q

What happened during the Armenian Genocide?

A

Turkish Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire tried to help Russia. They were seen as traitors and were marched out to the Syrian Desert where they would inevitably starve to death. The Ottoman Empire faced an Arab uprising in the Middle East. British troops led by T.E Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) helped the Arabs gain some territory back. 1 to 1.5 million were killed by modern-day Turkey, who denies the event ever happening.

13
Q

How did women contribute to the war effort?

A

Women worked in war manufacturing, nursing, food industry, driving, farming, etc.

14
Q

What was the Lusitania?

A

The Lusitania was a British ocean liner that was sunk by German submarines. 1200 passengers were killed with 128 of which being Americans. United States President Woodrow Wilson threatened to cut diplomatic ties with Germany.

15
Q

What was the Sussex Pledge?

A

It was a pledge created after the targeting of Sussex, a seaside English county. The pledge stated that passenger ships shall not be targeted, merchant ships shall not be sunk until the presence of weapons is verified, and that the civilian passengers of ships with concealed weapons should be provided food and lifeboats for their safety.

16
Q

What happened in the Battle of the Somme?

A

The Battle of the Somme on the Western Front was a victory for the Allies, who suffered 600,000 (French + British) casualties. Their opponents, Germany, suffered 500,000. Previous battles were all stalemates. However, this was the point in which public opinion mostly turned against the war because so much blood was shed just for the Allies to advance 6 miles.

17
Q

Why were both sides suffering from war fatigue?

A

Both sides were fatigued because of food shortages, number of lives lost, and their failure to win for the most part. Additionally, the Allies faced problems such as the Russian Revolution.

18
Q

How did World War I impact Russia?

A

Initially, Russia was united and had a great nationalistic pride. Unfortunately, Russia’s resources were strained while at the same time suffering heavy casualties. By 1915, Russian soldiers lacked basic equipment. Tsar Nicholas II blamed their losses on the Russian generals and decided to lead troops himself just like Wilhelm II does. Nicholas had no military experience. He left his wife, Alexandra, and Gregory Rasputin in charge of domestic affairs.

19
Q

Who was Rasputin?

A

Rasputin was left in charge of Russia’s domestic affairs while the current Tsar led troops. He was an illiterate peasant who was considered a “holy man” by Nicholas because Rasputin saved one of the Tsar’s dying sons with his alleged miraculous powers. Russian nobles killed Rasputin out of fear that his influence was becoming too great and because the government was weak at the time.

20
Q

What was the March Revolution?

A

Amidst food and fuel shortages, protestors planned strikes at St. Petersburg. Troops refused to fire at the crowd and the Tsar eventually left the throne. Around this time, the Duma (a legislative body) was planning a constitution while the war continued.

21
Q

What did early Russian revolutionaries do?

A

They set up soviets, which were councils of workers and soldiers. Initially, they wanted to work with the government in attempt to gain power and even the Duma itself. However, this did not happen. Early revolutionaries were succeeded by radical socialists known as the Bolsheviks. They were led by Lenin, who was helped by Leon Trotsky. The Bolsheviks wanted nothing to do with the Duma and took charge.

22
Q

How did the views of Lenin and Marx differ?

A

Karl Marx believed that industrial working class would eventually overthrow capitalism. Lenin believed that an elite group would ignite the revolution. In his case that elite group was the Bolsheviks, meaning majority, who were the radical portion of the Russian Social Democratic Party.

23
Q

Why did Germany help Lenin come back to Russia?

A

Lenin was helped by the Germany High Command because they sought a civil war in Russia.

24
Q

What was the November Revolution?

A

In 1917, squads of Red Guards (armed factory workers) attacked the Provisional Government with the help of Russian sailors. It took a week of fighting in Moscow to get the government out of the Kremlin. Kremlin and Moscow would later replace St. Petersburg as the HQ for the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks then changed their name to the Communists. They ended private property, distributed land to the poor and gave the control of factories and mines to workers.

25
Q

What is the symbolism on the Communist Flag?

A

The hammer represents industrial workers. The sickle represents peasants. The star represents the Communist Party. The red represents revolution.

26
Q

What happened during the Russian Civil War?

A

The Bolsheviks (Reds) fought counterrevolutionaries (Whites) in a war that lasted 3 years. The Allies sent forces to help the Whites because they wanted Russia back in the war to open a front. The Reds distrusted the West.

27
Q

How was Tsar Nicholas II assassinated?

A

His family was led to a basement because they were informed of an invasion. A military officer claimed it was too late and his family needed to be killed. Nicholas stood up in protest but was shot in the head. Subsequently, the whole family is shot including their dog. His daughter, Anastasia, is finished off with a bayonet.

(Source - https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=iHsq9Od8bsU)

28
Q

Why does the United States join the war?

A

They joined due to their economic interests, (ties and sympathies to Allies; Sold Allies over $3 billion in goods and lent $2 billion in bonds) Allied propaganda, Germany’s continuation of unrestricted submarine warfare, and because of Russia’s revolution.

29
Q

What was the Zimmerman Telegram?

A

It was a telegram from Germany that proposed an alliance with Mexico and a suggestion that Mexico should invade the U.S. If they join the war. At the time, Mexico already disliked the U.S. because of territorial losses. It also stated that Germany will continue unrestricted submarine warfare, breaking the Sussex Pledge.

30
Q

What is Armistice Day?

A

Armistice Day is on November 11th, the day on which an armistice (ceasefire) was reached. In the U.S., it’s celebrated at Veteran’s Day.

31
Q

What happened at the Paris Peace Conference?

A

President Wilson, (USA) PM David Lloyd George, (UK) President Georges Clemenceau, (France) and Premier Vittorio Orlando (Italy) attended the Paris Peace Conference. These four met with other Allied countries to discuss the fate of Europe, the former Ottoman Empire, and various other colonies. The Central Powers and Russia were not allowed to take part in the negotiations at the conference.

32
Q

What was Woodrow Wilson’s plan?

A

His plan encompassed collective security, a system in which is a group of nations acts to preserve peace. He called this the League of Nations. Their goal would be to not punish the Central Powers too much but instead to keep the peace. The United States never became a member of the League of Nations because the Senate never ratified it.

33
Q

What did the Allied countries desire post-war?

A

Great Britain and France both wanted to punish Germany while also improving their own countries and colonies. Italy wanted new land. People in Eastern Europe wanted their own countries.

34
Q

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

A

The Treaty of Versailles was presented to Germany by the Allies in 1919. The Treaty stated that Germany must accept full blame for the war and also imposed reparations of $30 billion. Additionally, Germany’s military was limited and overseas colonies and land was taken from them.

35
Q

What were some economic problems that plagued the post-war world?

A

Multiple countries had war debt. There was a reduced worldwide demand for certain raw materials such as rubber which led to a drop in prices. In terms of agriculture, there was overproduction and falling prices.

36
Q

What happened in the Crash of 1929?

A

The U.S. enjoyed a boom after World War I. Unfortunately, on Black Thursday (October 24th) the stock market crashed.

37
Q

Who is John Maynard Keynes?

A

He wrote “The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money”. He believed that the government should take an active role in the stimulation of the economy by printing and redistributing more money.

38
Q

How did the U.S. respond to the stock market crash?

A

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt proposed the New Deal which encompassed massive economic and social programs. The New Deal increased the power of the federal government and established worker programs, social security, and a welfare state,. It ultimately failed to pull the U.S. out of the Great Depression.

39
Q

Who were the Cheka?

A

The Cheka were the secret police utilized by communists.

40
Q

Who were the Commisars?

A

Commisars were communist party officials that were sent out to teach party principles.

41
Q

What is war communism?

A

War communism is the economic policy during the Russian Civil War that was designed to be quick. Production failed.

42
Q

What is the New Economic Policy?

A

NEP was the successor to war communism. It invovled some capitalist ventures (small businesses) and it ultimately improved some standards of living.

43
Q

How did Stalin come to power?

A

Stalin preferred nationalism to globalism. When Lenin died in 1924, there was a power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin. Unlike Stalin, Trotsky focused on worldwide communism. Trotsky would later lose his party membership and his right to vote along with it. He went to Mexico where he was assassinated by Stalin’s hitmen.

44
Q

What was the First Five Year Plan?

A

It gave bonuses but also punishments to business/industry/transportation. Production overall was improved but the standard of living remained low. There was also a mismanagement issue because the economy was inefficient. (shortages) Additionally, quotas produced low quality goods. Agriculture was now controlled by the government. Farmers were forced to form collectives in which the large, wealthy farmers operated it by a group of peasants. The government set prices and access to farming supplies. They also provided animals and tools. This plan was a failure.

45
Q

What happened to peasant farmers that resisted the changes to agriculture under the First Five Year Plan?

A

Some fled the city. Stalin blamed the Kulaks. (wealthy farmers) He now sought to “liquidate the Kulaks as a class.” They were sent to labor camps where thousands would perish. In protest, farmers produced just enough food to support themselves. The government, in response, seized all grain for the quota, purposely leaving people to starve. This was known as the Terror Famine.

46
Q

What was the Great Purge?

A

Stalin’s secret police cracked down on any possible threat. Charges included being a counterrevolutionary as well as not meeting quotas. 3 to 4 million died. Ultimately, this hurt Russia during World War II.

47
Q

What was the Congress of Victors?

A

The Congress of Victors was composed of the people who succeeded in the Russian Civil War.

48
Q

In total, how many people died in the war?

A

8.5 million died in the war. The Allies lost 5.1 million and the Central Powers lost 3.3 million.

49
Q

Which country lost the most people in World War I?

A

Germany lost the most.

50
Q

What is fascism?

A

Fascism is the alternative to communism. It is centered around an authoritarian government that prioritizes the state over the individual and is against basic human rights. The name stems from a Fasces, an ancient Roman symbol worn by governors than designates authority.

51
Q

What are some differences between Fascism and Communism?

A

Communists worked on international change for the most part while Fascism focuses on the national aspect plus defined classes. Communism proposed a classless society. Both ideologies have blind devotion, terror tactics, extreme social change, and a tendency to flourish in hard times in common.

52
Q

What was the result of Italy requesting more land after the war?

A

Italian nationalists felt betrayed because the Allies promised them Austrian-Hungarian land but they only received a portion of it.

53
Q

Who was Benito Mussolini?

A

He believed that Italy needed to focus on nationalism. He organized a Fascist Party composed of mainly veterans along with “combat squads”. His men known as Black Shirts were violent party militants. In 1922, he and his followers marched to Rome with 1000’s demanding power. He became the new Prime Minister but established a new title, Il Duce. (“The Leader’) Pope Pius XI supported Mussolini in return for recognition of Vatican City. Mussolini enabled a secret police force, propaganda, rigged elections, etc.

54
Q

How did Mussolini control the economy?

A

The economy was controlled by representatives from state, local, and business, while preserving a pseudo form of capitalism. Mussolini favored upper class and industry. Production increased but the workers suffered.

55
Q

What was the role of women in fascist Italy?

A

The goal of women was to produce more Italians. They were rewarded with medals for having the most kids.

56
Q

How did the Great War alter time-honored military codes of conduct and what role did new technologies play in the process of changing the understanding of war?

A

The Western Way of War was altered by German submarines known as U-boats. Traditionally, the Western Way of War entailed troops lining up on a battlefield, where they would engage in pitched battle. Submarines, however, would hide underwater as a part of their strategy. This completely sidesteps any aspect of the Western Way of War. Next, submarines also “altered” civilized warfare. Civilized warfare detailed a style where no civilians are harmed. U-boats had a primary goal of eliminating merchant ships. Merchants were civilians and were obviously harmed and most likely killed in the process. Finally, airplanes were a groundbreaking technology. Airplanes were able to kill large masses of people, which was seemingly unprecedented. People like the Red Baron proved this with his immense skill. In his career, he killed 80 people.

57
Q

What role did geography play in Germany’s war planning and execution? [Not Recommended. Two Talking Points Very Similar]

A

The original Schlieffen Plan by Alfred von Schlieffen detailed a maneuver to get into France. France’s forts on the border forced Germany to use Belgium as the passageway. The plan’s creator was inspired by Hannibal during the Second Punic War. (Battle of Cannae) Next, Helmuth von Moltke modified the plan for World War I. His version reduced the amount of troops involved and more importantly, involved an encirclement out of France. This encirclement sent German troops to the East. The modified version took a long time and thus gave Russia more time to mobilize.
Finally, Germany had an enemy on both sides. France was stronger so they decided to go after them first. This decision gave Russia time to mobilize. They were surprisingly fast and the plan’s failure is largely attributed to it.

58
Q

In the years following the Great War, new political ideologies emerged in European societies. What were those new ideologies, and how did they overturn traditional ideals of political democracy and capitalism?

A

Fascism is the alternative to communism. It is centered around an authoritarian government that prioritizes the state over the individual and is against basic human rights. The name stems from a Fasces, an ancient Roman symbol worn by governors than designates authority. It focused on the national aspect plus defined classes. Communism, however, focused on the international aspect and with a classless society. The Bolsheviks took over Russia and established a headquarters at Moscow and the Kremlin. Finally, Hitler came to power by blaming the Jews on Germany’s economic crisis. His Italian counterpart, Benito Mussolini and his Fascist Party marched to Rome and demanded power. He took the title Il Duce and enabled a secret police force. Stalin was Vladimir Lenin’s successor who cracked down on any possible threat. Like Mussolini, he also enabled a secret police.