Chapter 19 Part 2

Question 1

surface arteries of the heart that generally follow the sulci

Answer 1

Epicardial coronary arteries

Question 2

branch of the left coronary artery that follows coronary sulcus

Answer 2

Circumflex artery

Question 3

major branch of the left coronary artery that follows the anterior interventricular sulcus

Answer 3

Interventricular arteries

Question 4

supply blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart

Answer 4

Coronary arteries

Question 5

area where vessels unite to form interconnections that normally allow blood to circulate to a region even if there may be partial blockage in another branch

Answer 5

Anastomosis

Question 6

Is anastomosis considered dangerous in coronary arteries?

Answer 6

Yes; coronary artery blockage often results in death of the cells (myocardial infarction) supplied by the particular vessel

Question 7

results from a lack of blood flow (ischemia) and oxygen (hypoxia) to a region of the heart, resulting in death of the cardiac muscle cells

Answer 7

Myocardial infarction

Question 8

known vasodilator, and endothelium-derived releasing factor, which also relaxes the smooth muscle in the tunica media of coronary vessels

Answer 8

Nitroglycerine

Question 9

Dissolves blood clots during MIs

Answer 9

Streptokinase

Question 10

Anticoagulant used during MIs

Answer 10

Heparin

Question 11

ability of cardiac muscle to initiate its own electrical impulse that triggers the mechanical contraction that pumps blood at a fixed pace without nervous or endocrine control

Answer 11

Autorhythmicity

Question 12

bulk of the cardiac muscle cells in the atria and ventricles that conduct impulses and contract to propel blood

Answer 12

Myocardial contractile cells

Question 13

specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses throughout the heart and trigger contraction by the myocardial contractile cells

Answer 13

Myocardial conducting cells

Question 14

helps support the synchronized contraction of the muscle

Answer 14

Intercalated discs

Question 15

known as the pacemaker, a specialized clump of myocardial conducting cells that has the highest inherent rate of depolarization that then spreads throughout the heart

Answer 15

SA Node

Question 16

receives the impulse from the SA node, pauses, and then transmits it into specialized conducting cells within the interventricular septum

Answer 16

AV node

Question 17

group of specialized myocardial conductile cells that transmit the impulse from the AV node through the interventricular septum

Answer 17

AV Bundle

Question 18

specialized myocardial conductile cells that arise from the bifurcation of the atrioventricular bundle and pass through the interventricular septum

Answer 18

AV bundle branches

Question 19

specialized myocardial conduction fibers that arise from the bundle branches and spread the impulse to the myocardial contraction fibers of the ventricles

Answer 19

Purkinje fibers

Question 20

surface recording of the electrical activity of the heart that can be used for diagnosis of irregular heart function

Answer 20

Electrocardiogram

Question 21

component of the electrocardiogram that represents the depolarization of the atria

Answer 21

P wave

Question 22

component of the electrocardiogram that represents the depolarization of the ventricles and includes, as a component, the repolarization of the atria

Answer 22

QRS complex

Question 23

component of the electrocardiogram that represents the repolarization of the ventricles

Answer 23

T wave

Question 24

special paddles to apply a charge to the heart from an external electrical source in an attempt to establish a normal sinus rhythm; effectively stops the heart so that the SA node can trigger a normal conduction cycle.

Answer 24

External automated defibrillator

Question 25

period of time between the onset of atrial contraction (atrial systole) and ventricular relaxation (ventricular diastole)

Answer 25

Cardiac cycle

Question 26

period of time when the heart muscle is relaxed and the chambers fill with blood

Answer 26

Diastole

Question 27

period of time when the heart muscle is contracting

Answer 27

Systole

Question 28

unusual heart sound detected by auscultation; typically related to septal or valve defects

Answer 28

Murmur

Question 29

sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction

Answer 29

Lub sounds (S1)

Question 30

sound of the closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular diastole

Answer 30

Dub sound (S2)

Question 31

What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 31

HR x SV

Question 32

What is the relationship between exercise and heart rate?

Answer 32

Exercise increases heart rate

Question 33

What are the 2 cardiovascular centers?

Answer 33

Cardioinhibitory and cardioaccelerator

Question 34

autonomic reflex that responds to stretch receptors in the atria that send impulses to the cardioaccelerator area to increase HR when venous flow into the atria increases

Answer 34

Atrial reflex

Question 35

autonomic reflex in which the cardiac centers monitor signals from the baroreceptor stretch receptors and regulate heart function based on blood flow

Answer 35

Baroreceptor reflex

Question 36

series of autonomic reflexes that enable the cardiovascular centers to regulate heart function based upon sensory information from a variety of visceral sensors

Answer 36

Cardiac reflexes

Question 37

What 5 factors increase cardiac output?

Answer 37

Thyroid hormone, calcium, epinephrine/norepinephrine, nicotine, caffeine

Question 38

What factors decrease cardiac output?

Answer 38

Acidic environment, low temperatures, potassium

Question 39

What factors affect stroke volume?

Answer 39

Preload, contractility, afterload

Question 40

portion of the primitive heart tube that will eventually develop into the right ventricle

Answer 40

Bulbus cordis

Question 41

area near the head of the embryo where the heart begins to develop 18–19 days after fertilization

Answer 41

Cardiogenic area

Question 42

two strands of tissue that form within the cardiogenic area

Answer 42

Cardiogenic cords

Question 43

stage in which lumens form within the expanding cardiogenic cords, forming hollow structures

Answer 43

Endocardial tubes

Question 44

one of the three primary germ layers that differentiate early in embryonic development

Answer 44

Mesoderm

Question 45

portion of the primitive heart tube that eventually becomes the anterior portions of both the right and left atria, and the two auricles

Answer 45

Primitive atrium

Question 46

singular tubular structure that forms from the fusion of the two endocardial tubes

Answer 46

Primitive heart tube

Question 47

portion of the primitive heart tube that eventually forms the left ventricle

Answer 47

Primitive ventricle

Question 48

develops into the posterior portion of the right atrium, the SA node, and the coronary sinus

Answer 48

Sinus venosus

Question 49

portion of the primitive heart that will eventually divide and give rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

Answer 49

Truncus arteriosus

Question 50

Explain the flow of blood through the cardiac veins as they return deoxygenated blood to the coronary sinus or the right atrium directly.

Answer 50

Coronary arteries, capillaries, venules, cardiac veins, sinus venosus, right atrium