Chapter 25 (Urinary System) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 25 (Urinary System) Deck (33)
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1
Q

What is the normal range of osmolality in urine

A

50–1200 mOsmol/L

2
Q

What are some factors that influence urine change?

A

water intake, exercise, environmental temperature, nutrient intake

3
Q

analysis of urine to diagnose disease

A

Urinanalysis

4
Q

What can high amounts of protein in urine indicate?

A

Damage to glomeruli

5
Q

What can high amounts of sugar in urine indicate?

A

Diabetes, high blood sugar levels

6
Q

What can the presence of blood in urine indicate?

A

Kidney stone or cancer

7
Q

What can the presence of leukocytes in urine indicate?

A

UTI

8
Q

absence of urine produced; production of 50 mL or less per day

A

Anuria

9
Q

below normal urine production of 400–500 mL/day

A

Oliguria

10
Q

urine production in excess of 2.5 L/day; may be caused by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, or excessive use of diuretics

A

Polyuria

11
Q

Outside of the peritoneal cavity

A

Retroperitoneal

12
Q

What determines the color of urine?

A

by the breakdown products of red blood cell destruction

13
Q

skeletal muscle; must be relaxed consciously to void urine

A

External urinary sphincter

14
Q

smooth muscle at the juncture of the bladder and urethra; relaxes as the bladder fills to allow urine into the urethra

A

Internal urinary sphincter

15
Q

area at the base of the bladder marked by the two ureters in the posterior–lateral aspect and the urethral orifice in the anterior aspect oriented like points on a triangle

A

Trigone

16
Q

Gland that produces and secretes mucus into the urethra to buffer urethral pH during sexual stimulation

A

Bulbourethral gland

17
Q

What’s the difference between the male and female urethra?

A

Males are longer than females; males contain glands that neutralize the pH of urethra during ejaculation

18
Q

How does the differences between the male and female urethra affect health?

A

Females are more likely to get a UTI

19
Q

What comprises the urinary bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle and transitional epithelium

20
Q

Where is the bladder located?

A

Located posterior to the pubic bone and anterior to the rectum (retroperitoneal)

21
Q

How many openings are in the bladder?

A

3

22
Q

outer part of kidney containing all of the nephrons

A

Renal cortex

23
Q

inner region of kidney containing the renal pyramids

A

Medulla

24
Q

six to eight cone-shaped tissues in the medulla of the kidney containing collecting ducts and the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Renal pyramid

25
Q

cup-like structures receiving urine from the collecting ducts where it passes on to the renal pelvis and ureter

A

Calyx

26
Q

cup-shaped sack lined by a simple squamous epithelium and podocytes that participate in the filtration process; receives the filtrate which then passes on to the proximal convoluted tube

A

Bowmans capsule

27
Q

Explain the four other ways in which water may leave the body

A

Intestine through bowel movements, perspiration from skin, water vapor from lungs, urine

28
Q

tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule; filters the blood based on size

A

Glomerulus

29
Q

tortuous tubules receiving filtrate from Bowman’s capsule; most active part of the nephron in reabsorption and secretion

A

Proximal convoluted tube

30
Q

portions of the nephron distal to the loop of Henle that receive hyposmotic filtrate from the loop of Henle and empty into collecting ducts

A

Distal convoluted tube

31
Q

How are the kidneys involved in erythropoiesis?

A

Kidneys produce a majority of erythropoietin

32
Q

How are the kidneys involved in blood pressure?

A

Reabsorbs sodium which helps to raise and maintain blood pressure

33
Q

How are the kidneys involved in osmolality regulation?

A

Helps to absorb water