Chapter 25 (Urinary System)

Question 1

What is the normal range of osmolality in urine

Answer 1

50–1200 mOsmol/L

Question 2

What are some factors that influence urine change?

Answer 2

water intake, exercise, environmental temperature, nutrient intake

Question 3

analysis of urine to diagnose disease

Answer 3

Urinanalysis

Question 4

What can high amounts of protein in urine indicate?

Answer 4

Damage to glomeruli

Question 5

What can high amounts of sugar in urine indicate?

Answer 5

Diabetes, high blood sugar levels

Question 6

What can the presence of blood in urine indicate?

Answer 6

Kidney stone or cancer

Question 7

What can the presence of leukocytes in urine indicate?

Answer 7

UTI

Question 8

absence of urine produced; production of 50 mL or less per day

Answer 8

Anuria

Question 9

below normal urine production of 400–500 mL/day

Answer 9

Oliguria

Question 10

urine production in excess of 2.5 L/day; may be caused by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, or excessive use of diuretics

Answer 10

Polyuria

Question 11

Outside of the peritoneal cavity

Answer 11

Retroperitoneal

Question 12

What determines the color of urine?

Answer 12

by the breakdown products of red blood cell destruction

Question 13

skeletal muscle; must be relaxed consciously to void urine

Answer 13

External urinary sphincter

Question 14

smooth muscle at the juncture of the bladder and urethra; relaxes as the bladder fills to allow urine into the urethra

Answer 14

Internal urinary sphincter

Question 15

area at the base of the bladder marked by the two ureters in the posterior–lateral aspect and the urethral orifice in the anterior aspect oriented like points on a triangle

Answer 15

Trigone

Question 16

Gland that produces and secretes mucus into the urethra to buffer urethral pH during sexual stimulation

Answer 16

Bulbourethral gland

Question 17

What’s the difference between the male and female urethra?

Answer 17

Males are longer than females; males contain glands that neutralize the pH of urethra during ejaculation

Question 18

How does the differences between the male and female urethra affect health?

Answer 18

Females are more likely to get a UTI

Question 19

What comprises the urinary bladder?

Answer 19

Detrusor muscle and transitional epithelium

Question 20

Where is the bladder located?

Answer 20

Located posterior to the pubic bone and anterior to the rectum (retroperitoneal)

Question 21

How many openings are in the bladder?

Answer 21

3

Question 22

outer part of kidney containing all of the nephrons

Answer 22

Renal cortex

Question 23

inner region of kidney containing the renal pyramids

Answer 23

Medulla

Question 24

six to eight cone-shaped tissues in the medulla of the kidney containing collecting ducts and the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 24

Renal pyramid

Question 25

cup-like structures receiving urine from the collecting ducts where it passes on to the renal pelvis and ureter

Answer 25

Calyx

Question 26

cup-shaped sack lined by a simple squamous epithelium and podocytes that participate in the filtration process; receives the filtrate which then passes on to the proximal convoluted tube

Answer 26

Bowmans capsule

Question 27

Explain the four other ways in which water may leave the body

Answer 27

Intestine through bowel movements, perspiration from skin, water vapor from lungs, urine

Question 28

tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule; filters the blood based on size

Answer 28

Glomerulus

Question 29

tortuous tubules receiving filtrate from Bowman’s capsule; most active part of the nephron in reabsorption and secretion

Answer 29

Proximal convoluted tube

Question 30

portions of the nephron distal to the loop of Henle that receive hyposmotic filtrate from the loop of Henle and empty into collecting ducts

Answer 30

Distal convoluted tube

Question 31

How are the kidneys involved in erythropoiesis?

Answer 31

Kidneys produce a majority of erythropoietin

Question 32

How are the kidneys involved in blood pressure?

Answer 32

Reabsorbs sodium which helps to raise and maintain blood pressure

Question 33

How are the kidneys involved in osmolality regulation?

Answer 33

Helps to absorb water