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Behavioural Neuroscience > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What person advanced the field of neuroscience the most?

A

Charles darwin

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2
Q

What is ordinary matter in the universe made up of?

A

Elements on the periodic table

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3
Q

How many elements have been identified?

A

118, 94 naturally occurring on earth.

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4
Q

What are molecules?

A

Chemical compounds; different atoms bonded together

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5
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

When a chemical bond/compund is formed/broken/modified.

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6
Q

What do living entities use chemical reactions for?

A

To grow, accomplish things and manipulate their environment.

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7
Q

What are ions?

A

A molecule or single atom with an electric charge

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8
Q

What is it called when ions bond together?

A

Ionic bonds

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9
Q

What are atoms held together by ionic bonds called?

A

Salt

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10
Q

What do ionic bonds do in water?

A

Break apart

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11
Q

What are the main elements of cells/life on earth?

A

59% Hydrogen (H, 1 proton)
24% Oxygen (O, 8 protons)
11% Carbon (C, 6 protons)
4% Nitrogen (N, 7 protons)
2% others

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12
Q

What is CHNOPS?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
the 6 most important chemical elements who’s covalent combinations make up most biological molecules on earth

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13
Q

What are the different types of molecules we find in cells?

A
  1. Water
  2. Sugar
  3. Lipid
  4. Nucleic acid
  5. Amino acid
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14
Q

What are cells made up of?

A

70% water
15% Sugars
10% Lipids
15% Nucleic acids
50% Amino acids
10% other organic CHNOPS molecules

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15
Q

What are these made up of/make up?
Sugar
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Amino Acids

A

strings of sugar molecules are called carbohydrates
cell membranes are made up of lipids
DNA and RNA are strings of nucleic acids
proteins are strings of amino acids

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16
Q

What is RNA?

A

A certain type of nucleic acid; ribonucleic acids

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17
Q

What can RNA based enzymes do?

A

Catalyze chemical reactions

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18
Q

What is special about RNA

A

It can self replicate

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19
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Strands of lipids with a phosphate cap

20
Q

What do phospholipids form?
Undisturbed
Shaken
Certain conditions

A

Undisturbed: bilayer sheets
Shaken: Micelles (soap bubbles)
Certain conditions: explode and reform as liposomes

21
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

A liposome

22
Q

How is diffusion through the membrane?

A

Limited

23
Q

What is the interior of the cell membrane filled up with?

A

Salt water

24
Q

Why is DNA used for long term information storage? What are the consequences of this?

A

DNA is more stable and more durable. DNA replaced RNA as the predominant storage molecule for all of life.

25
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell?

A

It’s a cell membrane filled with cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, there are loose strands of DNA and ribosomes

26
Q

What are the functions of ribosomes?

A

To make proteins

27
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that perform (catalyze) chemical reactions

28
Q

What are receptors?

A

Proteins that sense things and react accordingly

29
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

They’re similar to prokaryotic cells but…
1. The DNA is compacted into the nucleus, from which it cannot escape. A strand of compacted DNA is called a chromosome.
2. It has mitochondria, which are responsible for extracting energy from nutrients. This energy is typically stored in the molecular bonds of the molecule ATP

30
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A strand of compacted DNA

31
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of a chromosome, it is a section of DNA that encodes a specific protein

32
Q

What happens when a gene is active (read)?

A

Copies of it are transcribed into RNA, which can leave the nucleus.

33
Q

What do ribosomes do outside the nucleus?

A

ribosomes translate RNA into proteins

34
Q

What is the genome of a cell?

A

All of its DNA

35
Q

What does the genome do?

A

Provides all necessary information necessary to synthesize all of cell’s proteins.

36
Q

Where is the nucleus located?

A

The cell body / soma

37
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A semi-transparent, gelatinous fluid in which organelles are suspended

38
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Defines the boundary of the cell. It consists of lipids and is embedded with proteins that have special functions.

39
Q

What are microtubules?

A

They allow for rapid transport of material throughout the neuron.

40
Q

What is Mitochondria

A

semi autonomous double membrane-bound organelles. Known as the POWERHOUSE of the cell because they generate ATP, the cells main source of chemical

41
Q

How did we study human neurons?

A

Through squid

42
Q

Why do we use rodents as the dominant group of species used in neurobiology research?

A

Because of the genetic similarities between humans and rodents. As well as their size.

43
Q

Whom are our closest living relatives?

A

Present day hominids - humanlike apes such as chimpanzees gorillas and orungutans

44
Q

What happens to the production of new neurons at birth?

A

They cease but those that are already present grow and establish connections with each other and other types pf brain cells, which protect and support neurons, begin to proliferate.

45
Q

What is neoteny?

A

Extended youth/prolongation of maturation

46
Q

When does the human brain reach its adult size? How many g?

A

Late adolescence
1400 grams

Behavioural Neuroscience (15 decks)

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