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Behavioural Neuroscience > Lecture 19 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the incidence of strokes?

A

Approximately 750,000/year

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2
Q

What is likelihood of having a stroke related to?

A

Age

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3
Q

What is the process in which linings of arteries develop a layer of plaque, deposits of cholestrorol, fats, calcium and cellular waste products?

A

Astherosclerosis

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4
Q

What are the risk factors of astherosclerosis?

A

High blood pressure
Cigaratte smoking
Diabetes
High blood levels of cholesterol

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5
Q

What is astherosclerosis a precursor of?

A

Heart attacks and strokes

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6
Q

Where do atherosclerotic plaques often form?

A

The interal carotid artery

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7
Q

What does the interal carotid artery supply?

A

Most of the blood flow to the cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

How can narrowing be visualized?

A

In an angiogram, produced by injecting a radioplaque dye into the blood and examining the artery with a computerized X-ray machine

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9
Q

What can plaques cause?
What does this cause?

A

The severe narrowing of the interior of artery.
Greatly increasing the risk of a massive stroke

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10
Q

What is the rupture of a cerebral blood pressure?

A

A hemorrhagic stroke

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11
Q

What is the occlusion of a blood vessel?

A

An ischemic stroke

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12
Q

What percentage of strokes are ischemic?

A

87%

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13
Q

What is the thrombus?

A

A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel, which may block it and reduce blood flow to the affected area

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14
Q

What is the embolus?

A

A piece of matter (like a blood clot) that dislodges from its site of origin and occludes an artery in the brain

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15
Q

What can an embolus cause?

A

A stroke

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16
Q

What does the amount of brain damage vary from? Depending on what?

A

Negligible to massive
Depending on the size of the affected blood vessel

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17
Q

What can strokes cause?
How can we produce dramtic imrpovements in brain function?

A

Permanent brain damage
Over days, months and year of physical therapy, occuputional therapy and speech therapy

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18
Q

What are researchers approaches to minimize the amount of brain damage caused b strokes?
has it been found to be succesful?

A

To adminster drugs that dissolve blood clots in an attempt to reestablish circulation to an ischemic brain region
Meh- benefits only if it is given within 3-4 hours

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19
Q

What are after stroke treatments?

A

Drugs that reduce sweeling and inflammation
Physical speech and or occupational therapy
Exercise and sensory stimulation (constraint-induced movemnt therapy)

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20
Q

What do the devices that can be deployed through the vascular system to the site of an occlusion do?

A

They use various strategies to secure and/or remove occlusions
The devices can include
1. aspiration devices
2. incorparated into stents
3. after stroke treatments

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21
Q

What is a mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function?

A

Tumor

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22
Q

What is a non concerous “benign” tumour that has a distinct border and cannot metastasize?

A

A non-malignant tumor

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23
Q

What is a cancerous tumour that lacks a distinct border and can metastazie?

A

A malignant tumour

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24
Q

What is metastasis?

A

A process by which cells break off of a tumor, travel through the vascular system and grow elsewhere in the body

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25
Q

What is the main difference between malignancy and non malignancy in tumours>

A

Whether the tumor is encapsulated (whether there is a distinct border)

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26
Q

What happens if there is a border on a tumour?

A

A surgeon can cut it out becasue it is non malignant it will not regrow

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27
Q

How does a cancerous tumour grow?
What happens?

A

By infilitrating the surrounding tissue.
There will be no clear cut border between tumor and normal tissue

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28
Q

What happens when surgeons miss some cancer cells?

A

These cells will produce new tumors

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29
Q

Can any tumor in the brain (regardless of being malignant or benign) produce neurological symptoms and threaten the patients life?

A

Yes

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30
Q

What are the two means that tumour can damage brain tissue?

A

Compression and infiltration

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31
Q

How can compression destroy the brain tissue?

A

Directly: destroy the brain tissue
indirectly: blocking flow of CSF and causing hydrocephalus

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32
Q

What is glioma a type of?

A

Malignant brain tumour

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33
Q

Where do glioma tumour intiating cells originate from?

A

Neural stem cells that make glia

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34
Q

What type of tumour is more resistant to chemotherapy and rapidly proliferate?

A

Gliomas

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35
Q

What is the survuval rate of gliomas?

A

Low

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36
Q

What is an menigioma an example of?

A

A non malignant (encapsulated) tumor

37
Q

What is meningioma composed of?

A

Cells that constitue the meninges

38
Q

What causes the right ventricle to be almost completely occluded?

A

Menigioma

39
Q

Despite being encapsulate, is the meningioma still damaging?

A

Yes

40
Q

What inflammation of the brain, caused by infection, toxic chemicalso or an allergic reaction called?

A

Encephalitis

41
Q

What is meningitis?

A

The inflammation of meninges caused by viruses or bacteria

42
Q

What are the first symptoms of encephalitis?

A

Headache, fever and nausea

43
Q

What are the first symptoms of meningitis?

A

Headache and stiff neck

44
Q

What is a viral disease that destroys motor neurons of the brain and spinall cord?

A

Polio

45
Q

What is a fatal disease that causes brain damage and is usually transmitter through the bite of an infected animal?

A

Rabies

46
Q

What is a virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips or genitals and in rare cases, it instead enters the brain causing encephalitis and brain damage?

A

Herpes simplex virus

47
Q

What is a closed head injury?

A

Caused by a blow to the head with a blunt onject
Coup: brain comes into violent contact with the inside of the skull
Countercoup: brain recoils in opposite direction and smashes against the skull agin

48
Q

What do open head/penetrating injuries cause damage to?

A

The portion of the brain that is damanged by the opject or bone

49
Q

Which percentage of deaths caused by injury involve a TBI?

A

A third

50
Q

Where does scarring often form in survuvors of TBIs?

A

Within the brain, around the sites of injury, which increases the risk of developing seizures

51
Q

Do mild cases of TBI’s (called mTBIs) increade a persons risk for developing brain problems down the road?

A

Yes

52
Q

What is the most common cause of seizures?

A

scarring, which may relate to an injury, stroke, the irritating effect of a growing tumor or a developmental abnormality in the brain

53
Q

What are other causes of seizures excluding scarring?

A

High fevers and withdrawl from GABA agonist

54
Q

What are many cases of seizures? What does this mean?

A

Idiopathic
Unknown causes

55
Q

What can neural network instability and increased risk of seizures come about for?
That affect?

A

Genetic reasons
- the amount of function of different ion channels in the brain
-the reciprocal wiring of excitatory and inhibitory neurons
-the rules that govern synaptic plasticity

56
Q

What are most seizure disorders caused by?

A

Nongenetic factors

57
Q

What is the preffered term for epilepsy?

A

Seizure disorder

58
Q

What happens if neurons that make up motor system are involved?

A

A seizure disorder can cause a convulsion, which is wild uncontrollable activity of the muscles

59
Q

Do all seizures cause convulsions?

A

No

60
Q

What is a convulsion?

A

A violent sequence of uncontrollable muscular movemnts caused by seizure

61
Q

What is a seizure that begins at a focus and remains localized, not generalizing to the rest of brain?

A

A partial (local) seizure

62
Q

What is a seizure that does not produce loss of consciousness?

A

A simple partial seizure

63
Q

What is a seizure that produces a loss of consciousness?

A

A complex partial seizure

64
Q

What is a generalized seizure?

A

Seizure that involves most of the brain

65
Q

What is the aura?
What does its exact nature depend on?

A

Sensation that precedes a seizure.
The location of the seizure focus

66
Q

What is a tonic clonic seizure?

A

A generalized, grand mal seizure that typically starts with an aura that is followed by a tonic phase and then a clonic phase. involves convulsions

67
Q

What is the tonic phase?

A

First phase of tonic clonic seizure, in which all of the patients skeletal muscles are contracted

68
Q

What is the clonic phade?

A

The second phase of a tonic clonic seizure, in which patient shows rhythmic jerking movemnts

69
Q

Whom are especially susceptible to seizure disorders?

A

Children

70
Q

What do children have instead of tonic clonic episodes?

A

Spells of absence

71
Q

What are absence seizures?

A

generalized complex seizures

72
Q

What happens during absence seizures? (petit mal seizures)

A

people stop doing what they are doing and stare off into the distance for a few seconds often blinking their eyes repeatedly

73
Q

How are seizure disorders treated?
How do they work?

A

Anticonvulsant drugs such as benzodiazepines.
By increasing effectiveness of inhibitory synapses

74
Q

Do most people with seizure disorders who respons well enough to medications live a normal life?

A

Yes

75
Q

Exposure to certain toxins, viruses, and drugs during pregnancy can do what?

A

Impair fetal brain development and cause intellectual disability

76
Q

What do dangerous toxins includes?

A

organophosphates (from insecticides)
heavy metals such as lead and mercury

77
Q

What is the most dangerous drug during pregnancy?

A

alcohol

78
Q

What happens to babies that are born to alcoholic women?

A

They are typically smaller than average and devlop more slowly

79
Q

What is fetal alchol syndrome associated with?

A

Certain facial anomalies and severe intellectual disabilities

80
Q

What is a particularly serious condition associated with alchol consumption during the 3rd or 4th week of preganancy?

A

fetal alchol syndrome

81
Q

What can several inherited “errors of metabolism” cause?

A

Brain damage or impair brain development

82
Q

What are genetic abnormalities in which recipe for a particular portein is in error?

A

Errors of metabolism

83
Q

What is typically the cause of errors of metabolism?
What happens if it’s a critical enzyme

A

An enzyme is not synthesized on account of mutation in both copies of the gene.
Results can be very serious

84
Q

What is a hereditary disorder caused by the absence of enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylanine to tyroside?

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

85
Q

What can the accumulation of phenylalanine cause?
Unless?

A

Brain damge
A special diet is implemented soon after birth

86
Q

What is tay-sachs disease?

A

An heritable, fatal, metabolic storage disorder

87
Q

In tay sachs disease what does the lack of enzymes in lysosomes cause?

A

Accumulation of waste products and swelling in brain

88
Q

What are phenylktonuria (PKU) and tay-sachs disease examples of?

A

Metabolid disorders that can affect development of the brain

Behavioural Neuroscience (15 decks)

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