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Behavioural Neuroscience > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that has inherent value, like food or a painful shock

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2
Q

What is an unconditoned response?

A

A bhevaioural response that is largely innate, hard wire (unlearned, undoncitioned)

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3
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that was initially perceived as neutral but now is perceived as predictive of an US

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4
Q

What is a conidtionned response?

A

A behavioural response that occurs in response to a CS, the behaviour is often similar to the UR that was eleiced by the US during training

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5
Q

What is reinforcement learning?

A

Learning from the consequences of your own actions, from the receipt of reinforcement or punishment

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6
Q

What determines the likelihood of you repeating an action?

A

Whether it was previously reinforced or punished

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7
Q

How do instrumental behaviours start off as?

A

Flexible, volitional exploratory behaviours

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8
Q

What type of conditioning is reinforcement learning?

A

instrumental conditional conditioning

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9
Q

How does operant conditioning contrasts classical pavlovian learning?

A

operant conditioning requires that the animal can move and make decisions that influence their environment

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10
Q

What is a reinforcing stimulus?

A

An appetitive stimulus. When it follows a particular behaviour, it increases the likelihood the animal will repeat the behaviour.

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11
Q

What does reinforcement do?

A

Make it more likely for the behaviour to occur?

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12
Q

What does the process of reinforcement strengthen?

A

A connection between neural circuits involved in perception (sight of the lever) and those involved in movement (the act of lever pressing)

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13
Q

What is a punishing stimulus?

A

An aversive stimulus

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14
Q

What happens when an aversive stimulus follows a particular behaviour?

A

It decreases the likelihood the animal will repeat the bheaviour

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15
Q

What are the two major pathways between sesnory association cortex and motor association cortex?

A

Direct transcortical connection and the basal ganglia

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16
Q

What are direct transcortical connections?

A

Connections from one area of the cerebral cortex to another

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17
Q

What are direct transcortiocal connections involved in?

A

acquiring complex motor sequences that involve deliberation or instruction

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18
Q

What does the basal ganglia integrate?

A

Sensory and motor information from throughout the brain

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19
Q

What is the basal ganglia important for?

A

Habit formation

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20
Q

What happens at first in regards to the basal ganglia?
Then?

A

At first it’s a passive observer but then as behaviours are repeated again and again, the basal ganglia begins to learn what to do

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21
Q

What happens eventually in regards to the basal ganglia?

A

It takes over most of the details of the process, leaving the transcortical circuits free to do something else

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22
Q

What is the strength of cortical inputs to the basal ganglia regulated by?

A

Dopamine signaling

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23
Q

What is the major input nucleus of the basal ganglia?

A

The striatum (or neostriatum)

24
Q

Where do the dopamine neurons in the midbrain project to? What do they signal?

A

They project to the striatum.
They signal reinforcement and punishment

25
Q

What do the amount of dopamine in the striatum correspond to?

A

The motivation and the value of moving in and engaging with the environemnt.

26
Q

What do the transient fluctuations in dopamine signaling seem to drive?

A

Learning by signaling how unexpectadly good or bad the current moment is

27
Q

What do the different areas of the striatum process?

A

Different types of information

28
Q

What do the different areas of the striatum regulate?

A

People’s priorities

29
Q

What happens when action sequences and thought patterns are repeated again and again?

A

They become more and more habitual, more ingrained and automatic

30
Q

What disrupts reinforcement learning and habit learning?

A

Basal ganglia leasoning

31
Q

What doesn’t basal ganglia lesioning affect?

A

Perceptual learning or stimulus-stimulus learning

32
Q

What happens when doctors cut out Henry Gustav Molaisons hippocampus bilaterly to cure his epilepsy?

A

It worked (no more epilepsy) but he lost the ability to form new explicit memories (severe anterograde amnesia)

33
Q

What else did Henry Gustabe Molaison who had a bilateral hippocampus removal suffer from?

A

He suffered from a graded retrograde amnesia as well

34
Q

What is permanent anterograde amnesia aused by brain damange, usually from chronic alcholism?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

35
Q

What is permanent anterograde amnesia aused by brain damange, usually from chronic alcholism?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

36
Q

What are Korsakoff’s patients unable to do?

A

Form new memories but can still remember old ones that before the brain damage occured

37
Q

What is confabulation?

A

Reporting of memories of events that did not take place without intention to deceive

38
Q

Where is confabulation seen?

A

In people with Korsakoff’s syndrome

39
Q

What happens when there’s no functional hippocampus?

A

Animals cannot form new episodic or semantic memories - but their short term, working memory is generally fine
They usually live in the moment

40
Q

What is the hippocampus involved with?

A

Converting short term memories into explicit long-term memories (memory consolidation)

41
Q

What are the two learning stages?

A

Short term memory and long term memory

42
Q

What is the simplest model of the memory process?

A

Sensory information enters short term memory, rehearsal keeps it there, and eventually, the information makes its way into long term memory, where it is permanently stored

43
Q

What is reflected by a unique patter of neural activity during any given moment?

A

The constellantion of sensory input, thought processes and emotion you are currently experiencing

44
Q

What is generally thought in regards to the memories and the hippocampus?

A

Memories are not stored in the hippocampus.
The hippocampus forms a hub, node or index that is capable of both representing and reactivating the sensory system that initia;;y encoded any given event/expereience

45
Q

What is memory encoding?

A

Cortical sensory systems sending stuff to the hippocampus

46
Q

Whats memory retrieval?

A

The hippocampus sending stuff to the cortical sensory systems

47
Q

What happens over time in humans?

A

Memory gradually becomes less and less dependant on the hippocampus

48
Q

What is happening in the years that memories are dependant on the hippocampus?

A

Hippocampal activity is training the cortex, causing a reorganization of the synaptic weights in the cortex so that intra cortical connections can support memory recall on their own

49
Q

What did rodents need a functional hippocampus to remember?
Why?

A

Newly learned spatial information but not information learned 30 days ago.
Memories are consolidated and stored in the cerebral cortex during this time

50
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to learn new information or retain new information after brain injury.
Memory for events that occured before the injry remain largely intact

51
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Referes to the inability to remember events that occured ‘before’ the brain injury

52
Q

Is complete amnesia in either direction rare?

A

Yes

53
Q

Does nondeclarative learning ability remain intact when there’s damage to the hippocampus or to regions of that supply its inputs?

A

Yes

54
Q

What happens when amnesic patients are trained and tested?

A

We find that they are capable of three of the four major types of learning
But they don’t explicitly remember anything about WHAT they have learned

55
Q

What do basal ganglia lesioning disreput?

A

Response learning

56
Q

What does hippocampal lesions disrupt?

A

Place learning

Behavioural Neuroscience (15 decks)

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