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Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What does learning refer to?

A

The process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behaviour

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2
Q

What do refer to the changes of our nervous system as?

A

Memories

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3
Q

What can memories be?

A

Transient or durable
Explicit or implicit
Personal or impersonal

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4
Q

What is accesing memory known as?

A

Memory retreival

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5
Q

What is the cellular basis of long term memory?

A

Neuronal plasticity

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6
Q

What does neuronal plasticity refer to?

A

The ability of the nervous system to change and adapt

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7
Q

To identify neuronal plasticity what do researchers typically measure?

A

Intrinsic excitability and synaptic strength

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8
Q

What is intrinsic excitability?

A

The number of action potentials a neuron exhibits in response to an influx of positive current

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9
Q

What is synaptic stength?

A

The amount of positive or negative current that enters the post synaptic neuron when a presynaptic cell has an action potential

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10
Q

What is the change in strength of the synaptic connection between neurons called?

A

Synaptic plasticity

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11
Q

How is intrisic excitability determined?

A

By the number and type of ion channels expressed by the neurons

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12
Q

What are enduring changes in synaptic strength referred to as?

A

Long term potentiation or long term depression

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13
Q

What are EPSP?

A

Excitatory post synaptic potentials.
Membrane depolarizations that are driven by neurotransmitter release and postsynaptic receptor activation

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14
Q

What can synaptic plasticity involved?

A

Pre and post synaptic changes

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15
Q

On the presynaptic side, what does the amount of voltage gated calcium channels on the presynaptic membrane influence?

A

How many vesicles will be released following an action potential

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16
Q

On the post synaptic side, what does the amount of neurotransmitter receptors influence?

A

The sensitivity of the postsynaptic cell to neurotransmitter

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17
Q

What is habituation?

A

Reduced physiological or behavioural responding to a repeated stimulus

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18
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Increased sensitivity to a stimulus?

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19
Q

In regards to habituation, does the sensory neuron become less sensitive to touch?

A

No it depolarizes the same amount

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20
Q

In regards to habituation, has the excitability of the sensory neuron changed?

A

Yes, fewer action potentials occur when the siphon is touched

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21
Q

In regards to habituation, has the synaptic connection weakened between the sensory and motor neurons?

A

Yes

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22
Q

In regards to habituation, has the motor neuron become less excitable?

A

No, it spikes the same amount when depolarized

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23
Q

What do the deep neural nets used in artificial intelligence for pattern recognition have a:

A
  1. Structure
  2. Objective function
  3. Learning function
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24
Q

What are the structure of deep neural nets?

A

Number of nodes and layers as well as how each node gets activated

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25
What is objective function?
The goal
26
What is the learning function?
Method of adjusting the stength of each connection to better acheive the objective function
27
What does long term potentiation increase?
The stength of the connection between two neurons
28
What does repeated high - frequency (tetanic) stimulation of the inputs to a neuron induce?
LTP
29
What side is LTP often initiated by?
The post synaptic side
30
Does long term depression increase or decrease the strength of the connection between two neurons?
Decrease
31
What does the persisitent low frequency stimulation of the inputs to a quiet neuron cause?
LTD
32
What side is the LTD often initiated by?
The postsyanptic side
33
What are LTP and LTD functions of?
The number of times the synapse was activated as well as whether the postsynaptic neuron fired at those precise times
34
What has to happen for LTP to occur?
The release of neurotransmitter must coincide with a substantial depolarization of the post synaptic cell
35
What often causes post synaptic neurons to spike?
High frequency axon stimulation
36
What is not sufficent to get a post synaptic neuron to spike?
Low frequency axon stimulation
37
What do NMDA receptors play a large role in?
Learning and memory
38
Where are NMDA receptors located?
In almost every glutamatergic synapse in the brain
39
What is the NMDA receptor?
An ionotropic glutamate receptor that has a large ion pore
40
What happens when NMDA receptor binds to glutamate and opens?
Magneisum ions (Mg2+) try to pass through its pore, but they get stuck in it and block all current flow
41
When does the Mg2+ blockage of the NMDA receptors occur?
When the membrane potential is below threshold
42
What happens when the membrane is depolarized because of other synaptic inputs?
Mg2+ ions will not try to enter through the NMDA recepter, and they won't clug the pre
43
What is an AMPA receptor?
The glutamate receptor that mediates most excitatory fast synaptic currents in the brain
44
Is an AMPA receptor ionotropic or metabotropic? What does it open up?
ionotropic, glutamate binding
45
What does an AMPA receptor let in? What do they cause?
Sodium ions, EPSPs, that depolarize neurons
46
What do most glutamate synapses in the brain have?
AMPA and NMDA receptors
47
What is an NMDA receptor?
An ionotropic glutamate receptor that only passes current upon glutamate binding when the membrane potential is slightly depolariaed
48
What happens when the glutamate binds when the cell is hyperpolarize?
The pore will get blocked by Mg2+
49
What do open unblocked NMDA receptors allow?
Sodiym and calcium ions through
50
What is an CaMKII?
A type II calcium-calmodulin kinase, an enzyme
51
What is CaMKII activated by?
A calcium influx through NMDA receptors.
52
What does CaMKII play a role in?
Intracellular signalling cascade that establish long term potentiation by increasing the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors
53
How can LTP also be expressed?
Through changes on the presynaptic side of things
54
How do LTP's initiate the process?
Postsynaptic neurons
55
What is associative long term potentiation?
Increase in synaptic strength that occurs in weak synapses when they are active right around the time when stronger inputs cause the post synaptic neuron to spike
56
What's hebb's rule?
Fire together, wire tigeth : cellular basis of learning involves the strengthening of synaptic connections that are active when the post synaptic neurons fires an action potential
57
What are the types of learning?
Perceptual Motor Relational Stimulus/response
58
What is perceptual learning?
Learning to recognize stimuli as distinct entities
59
What is motor learning?
Learning to make skilled, choreographed movements, procedural learning
60
What is relational learning?
Learning relationships among individual stimuli (stimulus-stimulus learning)
61
What is stimulus/response learning? What does it include?
Learning to perform a particular behaviour when a particular stimulus is present . Classical and instrumental conditioning
62
What is unconsious memory? What does it entail?
Implicit/non declarative memory
63
What do unconscious memories relate to?
Automatic adjustments to perceptual, cognitive and motor systems that occur beaneath the level of consiousness awareness
64
How do we prob memories in the unconscious memory? Give the three examples
We say show me Procedural memories (like how to ride a bike) Perceptual memroies (how to tell identical twins apart) Stimulus response memories (salivating in response to a tone)
65
What is consciously accesible memory?
Exp0licit memory, declarative memory Memories of events and facts that we can think and talk about
66
How do we probe consciously accesible memory?
Say "tell me"
67
What does consciously accesible memory include?
Episodic memory and sematic memory
68
What is episodic memory?
Personal experience associated with a time and place. Autobiographical memory that involves contextual information and is learned all at once
69
What is sematic memory?
encyclopedic memory of facts and general information.
70
What type of memory is perceptual learning?
implicit memory
71
What is perceptual learning the basis of?
The basis of recognition and categorization
72
What is perceptual learning dependant on?
On the neocortex - sensory association areas
73
What type of memory is motor/procedural learning?
Implicit
74
What is motor learning the basis of?
Motor skills
75
What does motor learning involve?
Different parts of brain areas involved in movement
76
What is relational learning/stimulus- stiumulus learning type of memory?
Explicit
77
What is stimulus response learning memory type?
implicit and explicit
78
What is relational/stimulus-stimulus learning the basis of?
Declarative memory (episodic and semantic)
79
What is relational/stimulus to stimulus learning dependant on?
On the hippocampus and neocortex
80
What is stimulus - response learning the basis of?
clasical (pavlovian) and instrumental (operant) conditioning
81
What areas does stimulus response learning involve?
Different brain areas depedning on the stimulus and response
82
What is sensory memory?
Perceptual memory; lasts inly a couple seconds or less
83
What does sensory memory allow an individual to?
An individual to retain the experience of the sensantion slightly longer than the original stimulus =
84
Where does sensory memory occur?
In each of the senses
85
How long does short - term memory last?
Lasts for a seconds to minutes
86
Is a large fraction of short term memory sensory information?
No, only a small fraction
87
What is the memory capacity of short term memory limited to?
A few items, such as the ligits in a phone number or the letters in a name
88
How can the length of short term memory be extended?
Through rehearsal
89
What does long term memory do?
persist
90
How long thereafeter can long term memories be retrieved?
Throughout a lifetime
91
How is long term memory strengthened?
With increased retrieval
92
What are the different types of learning?
Perceptual Motor Relational Stimulus - response
93
What is perceptual learning?
Learning to recognize stimuli as distinct entities
94
What is motor learning?
learning to make skilled, choreographed movements, procedural learning
95
What is relational learning?
learning relationships among individual stimuli. Stimulus-stimulus learning
96
What is stiumulus- response learning?
learning to perform a particular behaviour when a particular stimulus is present
97
What does stimulus response learning include?
Classical and instrumental conditioning
98
What does perceptual learning enable us to do?
Recognize and identify objects or situations
99
What type of recognition is perceptual learning?
Pattern recognition
100
What can we do through perceptual learning?
Recognize changes or variations in familiar stimuli and respond to these changes
101
What does perceptual learning involve?
Changes in the strength of connections between neurons in primary and association sensory cortices
102
What is a visual agnosia?
Damage to regions of brain involved in visual perception not only impair ability to recognize visual stimuli but also disrupt peoples vissual memory of visual properties of familiar stimuli
103
What is motor learning involved in?
Learning to makie a sequence of coordinated movements
104
What information do we use in order to improve and optimize our movements?
The feedback from our joints, vestibular system, eyes, ears, etc..
105
What parts of the brain are involved in motor learning?
The cerebellum, the thalamus, the basal ganglia and the motor cortex
106
What is between session learning?
Where improvements in motor behaviour are seen following a period of the memory consoldiation (in part during sleep)

Behavioural Neuroscience (15 decks)

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