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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What holds sister chromatids together?

A

cohesin

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2
Q

What separates the sister chromatids during mitosis?

A

seperase

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3
Q

What inhabit the three domains of life

A

Eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria

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4
Q

What protein is found within Eukaryotes, forms tightly packed chromosomes, and regulate accessibility to DNA? Note: similar compound in archaea

A

histones

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5
Q

The name for prokaryotic cell reproduction

A

Binary fission

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6
Q

What is the starting point for replication referred to as?

A

origin of replication

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7
Q

What is the name of the organized internal scaffolding in the nucleus that consists of a network of protein fibers? It also maintains the precise spatial relations among the components of the nucleus, takes part in DNA replication, expression of genes, and the modification of the gene products before they leave the nucleus.

A

nuclear matrix

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8
Q

Proteins that keep replicated DNA from getting tangled during replication

A

Structural Maintenance of chromosomes

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9
Q

What are cells called that carry two sets of genetic information?

A

diploid

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10
Q

What are cells that have only a single set of genetic information

A

haploid

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11
Q

What are cells that contain more than two sets of genetic information called?

A

polyploid

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12
Q

Name of the constricted region on the chromosome and serves as the attachment point for microtubules

A

centromere

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13
Q

Filaments responsible for moving chromosomes in cell division

A

spindle microtubules

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14
Q

What is the name of the multiprotein complex that assembles on the centromere to attach to the spindles?

A

kinetochore

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15
Q

Types of chromosomes in the following order: centromere in the middle, slightly off the middle, almost at the end, and at the end of the chromosome

A

metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, and telocentric

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16
Q

What are the specific DNA sequences and associated proteins located at the tips of the chromosomes called? These serve to protect and stabilize the chromosome and controlling cell division

A

telomeres

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17
Q

Steps in the cell cycle that permit or prohibit continued growth and replication of the cell

A

checkpoints

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18
Q

What is the first and longest period of the cell cycle where cells grow and perform functions?

A

interphase

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19
Q

what is the second part of the cell cycle where division occurs?

A

M (mitotic) phase

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20
Q

What does cellular division include

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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21
Q

What segment of the cell cycle sees the cell grow after cytokinesis

A

G1

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22
Q

What segment of the cell cycle sees the cell inter a non-dividing phase before the checkpoint

A

G0

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23
Q

What is the first checkpoint that delineates if the cell is committed to dividing or not?

A

G1/S checkpoint

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24
Q

What segment of the cell cycle sees the DNA duplicate?

A

S

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25
What phase sees the cell prepare for mitosis?
G2
26
What is the last checkpoint in interphase that determines if the cell is ready to divide or not?
G2/M checkpoint
27
What is the checkpoint that ensures that the spindles are ready to split the chromosomes?
spindle-assembly checkpoint
28
What is the section of the cell cycle where chromosomes condense?
prophase
29
What protein binds to the DNA to cause condensation in prophase
condensin
30
What are the organized array of microtubules that move the chromosomes in mitosis
mitotic spindles
31
Where do the spindles grow from in animal cells?
centrosome
32
What is the organelle that creates the spindles?
centriole
33
What step sees the disintegration of the nuclear membrane and the arrival of the spindle microtubules
prometaphase
34
What are spindles made of?
tubulin
35
What is the phase where the chromosomes line up between the centrosomes?
metaphase
36
What is the phase where the sister chromatids are separated
anaphase
37
How are the chromosomes split?
Tubulin breaks down at the positive/centromere and negative/centrosome end
38
What proteins break down the tubulin molecules in anaphase?
molecular motors disassemble tubulin molecules
39
What phase of mitosis occurs when the chromosomes reach the centrosomes? Often happens in tandem with cytokinesis
telophase
40
What is the process to create gametes?
meiosis
41
What is the other name for sexual haploids?
gametes
42
This is a term used to describe Meiosis I
reduction division
43
What term is used to describe meiosis II
equational division
44
term that describes the genetic material in chromosomes
chromatin
45
What are the five stages of prophase I
leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis
46
What stage of prophase I sees the chromosomes condense and become visible?
leptotene
47
What section of prophase I sees the continued condensation of chromosomes and the pairing up occurs
zygotene
48
What word means a very close pairing association? What is created
synapsis and bivalent/tetrad
49
What section of prophase I sees the chromosomes become shorter and thicker and protein complexes appear to regulate the synapsis process
pachytene
50
What is created to control the process of synapsis and ensure effective seperation?
three-part synaptonemal complex
51
phenomenon where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information; generates genetic variation and is required to create a proper alignment and separation
crossing over
52
Locations where two chromosomes cross in meiosis I
chiasma
53
Stage of prophase one where the centromeres of the paired chromosomes move apart
diplotene
54
Final stage of chromosome condensation occurs, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindles form
diakinesis
55
What is the time in between meiosis I and II?
interkinesis
56
What is the term for the creation of new combinations of alleles on a chromatid
intrachromosomal recombination
57
What is the name of protein around the centromere in meiosis that prevents them from separating in anaphase I
shugoshin
58
What is the process to produce the gametes of the male animal
spermatogensis
59
What is the cell that is mitotically produced from primordial male germ cells
Spermatogonium
60
What is the name of the sperm cell once it enters prophase I
primary spermatocyte
61
What is the name of the haploid sperm cells that undergo meiosis II
secondary spermatocytes
62
What is the name of sperm cells that are produced after Meiosis II?
spermatids
63
What is the process to produce the gametes in the female animal
oogenesis
64
What is the cell that is mitotically produced from the primordial female germ cells?
oogonium
65
What is the name of the egg cell once it enters prophase I
primary oocyte
66
What is the name of the egg cell that is larger due to the unequal cytokinesis after Meiosis I?
secondary oocyte
67
What is the name of the smaller product of meiosis I in oogenesis that may or may not divide further?
first polar body
68
What is the name of the larger egg cell after Meiosis II; Meiosis II does not occur until after sperm in contacted
ovum
69
What is the name of the smaller egg cell produced in Meiosis II
second polar body
70
What is the name of the result when the gametes combine
zygote
71
What are the diploid reproductive cells int he male stamen of the plant?
microsporocytes
72
What is the result after the meiosis of the diploid male reproductive cells in plants
microspores
73
how many haploid nuclei are in microspores
2
74
What haploid nucleus is responsible for creating the pollen tube?
tube nucleus
75
What haploid nucleus divides mitotically to produce two sperm cells in plants
generative nucleus
76
What is the diploid cell in the female part of the plant
megasporocytes
77
What is the result of meiosis in the female part of the plant
megaspores
78
How many megaspores survive?
1 of 4
79
how many times do surviving megaspores divide its nucleus mitotically?
3
80
What is the name of the gametes in plants?
gametophyte
81
What happens in double fertilization
One of the sperm makes an embryo and the other makes a triploid endosperm

Genetics (12 decks)

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