Chapter 4

Question 1

Types of chromosomes in animals such as humans (female chromosomes and male chormosomes)

Answer 1

X and Y (XX and XY)

Question 2

Sex chromosomes in animals such as birds and butterflies (F chromosomes and M chromosomes)

Answer 2

Z and W (ZZ and ZW)

Question 3

What word refers to characteristics whose loci are on the sex chromosomes

Answer 3

Sex-linked characteristics

Question 4

What word refers to the mechanism in which biological sex is established

Answer 4

sex determination

Question 5

What word (sex or gender) refers to phenotype and which refers to categorical assignments based on behavior and practices?

Answer 5

sex and gender

Question 6

What word refers to an organism with both sexes present within? (specifically the same flower)

Answer 6

hermaphroditism

Question 7

Organisms that bear both male and female reproductive structures

Answer 7

monoecious

Question 8

Species where each individual organism has either male or female reproductive structures

Answer 8

dioecious

Question 9

what are the chromosomes related to sexual differentiation?

Answer 9

sex chromosomes

Question 10

What chromosomes are not related to sex

Answer 10

autosomes

Question 11

What word means the sex that produces two different types of gametes in relation to the sex chromosomes?

Answer 11

heterogametic sex

Question 12

What word refers to the sex that produces gametes with all of the same sex chromosomes.

Answer 12

homogametic sex

Question 13

What type of sex determination occurs in grass hoppers where the females have two X chromosomes while males have only one X and no other sex chromosomes?

Answer 13

XX-XO sex determination

Question 14

What type of sex determination occurs when females have two X chromosomes while males have an X and a Y chromosome?

Answer 14

XX-XY sex determination

Question 15

What shape is the Y chromosome?

Answer 15

acrocentric

Question 16

what word refers to the area of the X and Y chromosomes where they have the same genes?

Answer 16

pseudoautosomal regions

Question 17

What is the sex determination system where males have ZZ and females have ZW?

Answer 17

ZZ-ZW sex determination

Question 18

What is the sex determination system where there are no large differences between male and female chromosomes, but sex is still determined genetically using genes at one or more loci?

Answer 18

genic sex determination

Question 19

What is the sex determination system where external conditions partially or completely determine sex of the individual, not the genome?

Answer 19

environmental sex determination

Question 20

What is the word that means that each individual can be male or female, but not at the same time.

Answer 20

sequential hermaphroditism

Question 21

What word refers to X chromosome : autosomal chromosome of >1, between 1 and 0.5, and less than 0.5 respectively

Answer 21

metafemale, intersex, metamale

Question 22

What gene produces the male phenotype in humans?

Answer 22

sex-determining region Y (SRY)

Question 23

What condition saw females only having 1 chromosome, leading to short, low hairline, broad chests, and folds of skin on the neck?

Answer 23

Turner Syndrome

Question 24

What condition sees males have more than one X chromosomes (can also have more than one Y); produces sterile, tall individuals with reduced public and facial hair with smaller testis.

Answer 24

Klinefelter syndrome

Question 25

What condition sees females possessing more than 2 X-chromosomes and what is the most common condition with 3 referred to as? 3 Have little impact on fertility and intellect, only causing taller and thinner individuals, but more causes physical problems and intellectual problems in an increasing manner.

Answer 25

poly-x females and triple-x syndrome

Question 26

What condition sees males with an extra Y chromosome causing slightly increased height with limited evidence of learning disabilities

Answer 26

XYY males

Question 27

what hormone creates testis?

Answer 27

testosterone and other androgens

Question 28

what hormone destroys the female ducts in development?

Answer 28

anti-Mullerian hormone

Question 29

What protein in mice destroys the male gonads?

Answer 29

chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor 2

Question 30

What protein does the SRY gene produce to promote areas of DNA that create the testes

Answer 30

transcription factor

Question 31

What syndrome sees outside appearing females to fail to menstruate with a pair of testes inside the abdominal cavity producing testosterone? It sees androgen receptors fail, leading to SRY ineffectiveness

Answer 31

androgen-insensitivity syndrome

Question 32

What genes are located on the X chromosomes and Y chromosomes respectively? (most are the former)

Answer 32

X-linked and Y-linked characteristics (also called holandric traits)

Question 33

What word refers to an individual with only one copy of a gene

Answer 33

hemizygous

Question 34

What word refers to the process where two homologous chromosomes or chromatids fail to seperate

Answer 34

non-disjunction

Question 35

What word refers to the mechanism by which the quantity of proteins produced by an X chromosome is equivalent to the rest of the autosomes in males?

Answer 35

dosage compensation

Question 36

What the structures found in the nuclei of female cats?

Answer 36

Barr bodies

Question 37

What theory states that the bodies found in female cats are inactive X chromosomes?

Answer 37

lyon hypothesis

Question 38

What gene shuts off X chromosomes by coating the chromosome in RNA and using protein complexes to alter chromatin structure

Answer 38

Xist (X inactive specific transcript)

Question 39

When someone has two or more sets of cells that differ genetically from one another.

Answer 39

mosaic