Chapter 2

Question 1

Chemical Bonds

Answer 1

• Cells are made of relatively
• The outermost electrons

Question 2

Important biological interactions

Answer 2

1) Covalent
- Nonpolar
- Polar
2) Ionic bonds
3) Hydrogen bond
4) Van der waals forces
5) Hydrophobic forces

Question 3

Covalent
(nonpolar and polar)

Answer 3

• Strong chemical bond where two atoms share electrons with the other
• Polar - unequal sharing between atoms creating a partial positive and partial negative regions of the molecule.
• Nonpolar - equal sharing between atoms

Question 4

Ionic Bonds

Answer 4

Bond formed from the electrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

Question 5

Hydrogen bond

Answer 5

weak electrostatic between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom currently lined to a second electronegative atom.

Question 6

van der waals forces

Answer 6

The attraction between nonpolar molecules that are close together

Question 7

Hydrophobic Forces

Answer 7

It is generated by the pushing of nonpolar surfaces out of the hydrogen-bonded water network.

Question 8

Classes of Organic Molecules

Answer 8

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Protein
4) Nucleic acids

Question 9

Carbohydrates

Answer 9

Cn(H20)n
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose)

Question 10

Lipids

Answer 10

• carbon and hydrogen (little oxygen)
  -not water soluble
  a. Simple lipids composed of fatty acid and alcohol
  b. Complex lipids (combination molecules) contain two or more components (e.g., phosphate, aa, sugar).

Question 11

Structurally Diverse of Lipids

Answer 11

• Eicosanoids
• Steroids
• Phospholipids
• Triglycerides (saturated and unsaturated

Question 12

Protein

Answer 12

• Chain of amino acids

Question 13

Structure of Proteins

Answer 13

• Primary structure- linear sequence of aa put into a chain
• Secondary Structure- folding of the primary structure. Hydrogen bonds can be formed also ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges when there are multiple of those is hard to break.
• Tertiary Structure- (two shapes beta pleated sheet, alpha, and free running) free running loops change other characteristics.
• Quaternary Structure- two or more proteins that come together and covalent bonds connect them.

Question 14

Nucleic Acids

Answer 14

• Chain of nucleotides.
  (the nucleotide phosphates plays an important role in energy balance of a cell.

Question 15

Combination Biomolecules

Answer 15

• Lipoproteins
  - Blood transport molecules
• Glycoproteins
  - membrane structure
• Glycolipids
  - membrane receptors