Chapter 2

Question 1

Neuroscience

Answer 1

The study of the brain and the rest of the nervous system

Question 2

Nervous system

Answer 2

An organism’s system of tissues specialized for monitoring sensations, generating movements, and maintaining the function of most internal organs

Question 3

Neuron

Answer 3

A special type of cell that is one of the main components of the nervous system

Question 4

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 4

= brain + spinal cord

Question 5

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 5

Motor and sensory neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body

Question 6

Cerebral cortex

Answer 6

The tissue covering the top and sides of the brain in most vertebrates, involved in storage and processing of sensory inputs and motor outputs

Question 7

Frontal lobe

Answer 7

Part of the CB, at the front of the brain; enables a person to plan and perform actions

Question 8

Parietal lobe

Answer 8

Part of CB, lying at the top; important for processing somatosensory (touch) inputs

Question 9

Temporal lobe

Answer 9

Part of CB, lying at the sides; important for language and auditory processing and for learning new facts and forming new memories of events

Question 10

Occipital lobe

Answer 10

Part of CB, lying at the rear; important for visual processing

Question 11

Cerebellum

Answer 11

A brain region below the cerebral cortex in the back of the head; Responsible for the regulation and coordination of complex voluntary muscular movement, including classical conditioning and motor-reflex responses

Question 12

Brainstem

Answer 12

A group of structures that connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord and plays key roles in regulating automatic functions such as breathing and body temperature

Question 13

Phrenology

Answer 13

An obsolete field of study that attempted to determine mental abilities by measuring head shape and size

Question 14

Structural neuroimaging

Answer 14

Techniques (such as MRI) for creating images of anatomical structures within the living brain

Question 15

Lesion 病变

Answer 15

Damage caused by injury or illness

Question 16

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 核磁共振成像）

Answer 16

Method of structural neuroimaging based on recording changes in magnetic fields

Question 17

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI; 扩散张量成像）

Answer 17

A type of MRI that measures connections between brain regions

Question 18

Dendrite

Answer 18

On a neuron, an extension that is specialized to receive signals from other neurons

Question 19

Cell body (Soma)

Answer 19

Central part of the prototypical neuron; contains the nucleus and integrates signals from all the dendrites.

Question 20

Axon

Answer 20

Output extension of a neuron, specialized for transmitting signals to other neurons or to muscles

Question 21

Glia

Answer 21

Cells of various types that provide functional or structural support to neurons; some contribute to changes in connections between neurons

Question 22

Plasticity

Answer 22

The capacity of brain structure to change over time

Question 23

Enriched environment

Answer 23

An environment that provides sensory stimulation and opportunities to explore and learn; for a rat, this may mean housing in a large cage with many toys to play with and other rates to socialize with

Question 24

Rats raised in an ____ environment have cortical neurons with ____ and ____ dendrites than ____-____ control groups

Answer 24

Enriched; more; longer; experience-impoverished

Question 25

Neural connectivity

Answer 25

The connections between neurons through which brain systems interact

Question 26

____ that ____ together, wire together!

Answer 26

Neurons; fire

Question 27

Hebbian learning

Answer 27

The principle that learning involves strengthening the connections of conceive neurons; often stated as, “Neurons that fire together, wire together”

Question 28

Reflex

Answer 28

Involuntary and automatic response that is “hardwired” into an organism.

Question 29

In the spinal cord, ____ fibers are separate from ____ fibers

Answer 29

Sensory; Motor

Question 30

Most sensory inputs enter the brain through the ____

Answer 30

Thalamus

Question 31

Primary ____ cortex (A1), primary ____ cortex (S1), and the primary ____ cortex (V1) are called primary ____ cortices because they are involved in the ____ stage of cortical processing for each type of sensation.

Answer 31

Auditory; somatosensory; visual; sensory; first

Question 32

Functional neuroimaging (fMRI)

Answer 32

Techniques (such as fMRI) for observing the activity or function of a living brain

Question 33

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 33

A method of functional neuroimaging based on comparing an MRI of the brain during performance of a task with an MRI of the brain at rest

Question 34

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 34

A method of measuring electrical activity in the brain by means of electrodes placed on the scalp; the resulting image is an electroencephalogram (EEG)