Lecture 25 - Spatial Memory 2

Question 1

Head direction cell are present in ____ ____ ____, ____, and ____ ____

Answer 1

anterodorsal thalamic nucleus; postsubiculum; entorhinal cortex

Question 2

Place cells are found in the ____ ____ and ____*

Answer 2

entorhinal cortex; hippocampus

Question 3

Grid cells are found in the ____ ____

Answer 3

entorhinal cortex

Question 4

____ ____ is how different sets of place cells in the ____ code for different environments

Answer 4

distributed representation; hippocampus

Question 5

Without ____ ____ cells, ____ cells do not track location appropriately

Answer 5

head direction; grid

Question 6

Eyelids of rat pups open at about __-__ days after birth

Answer 6

14-15

Question 7

In rat pups, ____ cells can be observed by P17 by the latest. The percentage of CA__ cells identified as them reaches adult levels around the middle of the __th week, but representations (spatial correlation of these cells) do not reach adult levels of stability until the __th week.

Answer 7

place; 1; 4; 5

Question 8

In rat pups, ____ ____ cells can be observed as early as P14 (before eye opening), but only after their eyes open can these cells be ____ to landmarks in the environment, and as a result, they display stable ____ coding across sessions within the same environment

Answer 8

head direction; anchored; directional

Question 9

In the ____ of rat pups, there is a similar amount of ____ ____ cells before and after eye opening, but the ____ correlation of them only increase after eye opening.

Answer 9

postsubiculum; head direction; directional

Question 11

In adult rats, different ____ ____ cells maintain the ____ offset from each other. This is also true for cells in rat pups, where even though they are unstable, they maintain stable changes relative to each other without the need to ____ to cues

Answer 11

head direction; same; anchor

Question 12

In the ____ ____ ____ of rat pups, ____ cells can be observed as early as P16. However, the amount of it doesn’t reach adult level until __th week of life, and they are not well organized/entirely stable until around the end of that time.

Answer 12

medial entorhinal cortex; grid; 5

Question 13

In the ____ ____ ____ of rat pups, ____ cells display adult properties essentially as soon as the eyes open.

Answer 13

medial entorhinal cortex; border

Question 14

Spatial specificity of places varies across the ____-____ axis of CA__. Place fields of ____ CA__ place cells are slightly smaller and therefore convey a ____ amount of information about the location of the rat.

Answer 14

proximal-distal; 1; proximal; 1; greater

Question 15

In the entorhinal cortex, spacing between fields of ____ cells increases from the ____ to ____ aspect.

Answer 15

grid; dorsal; ventral

Question 16

There is ____ projections between ventral ____ and ____, which both project to ____ ____

Answer 16

bidirectional; hippocampus; amygdala; ventral striatum

Question 17

It is believed that locational information is initially experienced ____ then coded into ____ reference in the ____. The coded info is then retrieved to ____ reference for navigation.

Answer 17

egocentrically; allocentric; hippocampus; egocentric

Question 18

Transformation between reference frames:
____ representation (egocentric) <-> ____-____ cortex (transformation) <-> ____ ____ representation (allocentric)

Answer 18

parietal; retro-splenial; medial temporal

Question 19

Transformation between reference frames:
parietal representation (____) <-> retro-splenial cortex (____) <-> medial temporal representation (____)

Answer 19

egocentric; transformation; allocentric

Question 20

Evidence from electrophysiological recording in the ____ ____ ____ revealed that ____ representation fail to capture what this cell is doing

Answer 20

dorsal medial striatum; allocentric

Question 21

Each ____ ____ ____ (EBC) have a preferred orientation and distance at which they are more likely to fire. Most of them

Answer 21

egocentric boundary cells

Question 22

____ ____ ____ (EBC) do not respond based on a ____ pattern, which suggest that they respond to boundaries as a higher order stimulus

Answer 22

egocentric boundary cells; visual

Question 23

____-____ ____ (EPM) has 2 open arms and 2 close arms. ____ place cells evenly code the EPM without preference, while ____ neurons preferentially code ____ arms (anxiogenic locations)

Answer 23

Elevated-plus maze; dorsal; ventral; open

Question 24

The ventral hippocampus projects to two locations:
1. ____ ____ (vHPC-BA)
2. ____ ____ (vHPC-LHA)
Among them, vHPC anxiety information is preferentially sent to (1 or 2)

Answer 24

1. basolateral amygdala
2. lateral hypothalamus
   2