Lecture 5-6

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

A decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces that behavior

Question 2

Researchers examine simple examples of habituation in the lab, and measures a single easily measurable response, such as the ____ ____ ____

Answer 2

acoustic startle reflex

Question 3

Acoustic startle reflex

Answer 3

A defensive response (such as jumping or freezing) to a startling stimulus (such as a loud noise)

Question 4

Orienting response

Answer 4

An organism’s innate reaction to a novel stimulus

Question 5

Dishabituation

Answer 5

The renewal of responding after a new stimulus has been presented
(same stimulus to different organ and then back to the original organ: renewed response)

Question 6

Habituation is ____ specific, meaning that habituation to one event does not cause habituation to every other stimulus in the same sensory modality

Answer 6

stimulus

Question 7

How rapidly a response habituates and how long the decrease in responding lasts depend on several factors: How ____ the stimulus is, how many ____ it is experienced, and the ____ of time between repeated exposures

Answer 7

arousing; times; length

Question 8

An exposure that is presented with closely spaced repetitions is a ____ exposure, and an exposure that is spread out over time is called a ____ exposure.

Answer 8

Massed; spaced

Question 9

____-term habituation is those that last for only a few minutes or hours, while ____-term habituation lasts a day or more

Answer 9

short; long

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

A stimulus-evoked response that has habituated reappears after a period of no stimulus presentations
(Stimulus to the same organ after resting period)

Question 11

Stimulus specificity

Answer 11

Habituation to one stimulus does not cause habituation to other stimuli

Question 12

Sensitization

Answer 12

Phenomenon in which an arousing stimulus leads to stronger responses to a later stimulus

Question 13

Familiarity

Answer 13

The perception of similarity that occurs when an event is repeated

Question 14

Priming

Answer 14

Phenomenon in which prior exposure to a stimulus can improve the ability to recognize that stimulus later

Question 15

Perceptual learning

Answer 15

Lerning in which repeated experiences with a set of stimuli make those stimuli easier to distinguish

Question 16

Latent learning

Answer 16

Learning that is unconnected to a consequence and remains undetected until explicitly demonstrated at a later stage

Question 17

Cognitive map (Edward Tolman)

Answer 17

An internal psychological representation of the spatial layout of the external world

Question 18

How does these groups perform in the matrix?
a) Rats never rewarded
b) Rats always rewarded
c) Rats rewarded on Day 11

Answer 18

a) never rewarded: error rate decrease slowly and gradually flattens out at ~6 errors
b) always rewarded: eror rate decrease faster and drops to ~2 errors by day 17
c) rewarded on Day 11: same decrease rate with never rewarded rats at the start, starting day 11 see a drastic decrease and by day 14/15 reaches ~1 error

Question 19

Subregions of the hippocampus include: ____ ____ (DG), ____ ____ 3/1 (CA 3/CA 1), and ____ (Sub)

Answer 19

Dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis, subiculum

Question 20

How to measure firing rate (Hz) of a neuron?

Answer 20

of action potentials/duration of time

Question 21

Spatial ratemap

Answer 21

Firing rate of a neuron is represented as a function of space

Question 22

Place field

Answer 22

In a spatial ratemap, a small area of increased activity

Question 23

Place cell

Answer 23

A neuron with spatial coding that increases activity in a spatial ratemap

Question 24

Where are place cells found in the brain?

Answer 24

Hippocampus

Question 25

____ ____ are created regardless of task demands. A ____ ____ will be created even if the rat is simply walking around the maze without purpose. It can then be searched for a solution when required. Altogether, this forms the neural basis of latent learning.

Answer 25

Place fields; cognitive map

Question 26

The withdrawal reflex in Aplysia gill: 1. ____ input to the siphon (or tail or mantle) will activate respective ____ neurons. 2. ____ neurons release the neurotramitter ____ at synapses onto ____ neurons. 3. ____ neurons innervate muscles that retract the gill

Answer 26

1. Somatosensory; sensory 2. Sensory; glutamate; motor 3. motor

Question 27

In habituation, sensory neurons release ____ amount of glutamate into motor neuron, resulting in ____ amount of spikes in motor neurons, leading to less gill muscle movement. This constitutes the neural mechanisms of habituation.

Answer 27

decreased; decreased

Question 28

Aplysia gill withdrawal reflex is an example of synaptic depression, which means...

Answer 28

Reduction in synaptic transmission

Question 29

In Aplysia gill withdrawal reflex, how does number of action potentials relate to the effect of spikes on postsynaptic neurons?

Answer 29

number of action potentials remains the same, but each spike has less effect on the postsynaptic neuron

Question 30

Homosynaptic plasticity

Answer 30

Specific to synapsese involved in habituation

Question 31

____ presentation of stimuli over multiple days results in change in ____ of synapses/number of ____ terminals onto ____ neurons, thus reducing excitatory drive onto motor neurons. (constitutes ____ term habituation)

Answer 31

Spaced; number; presynaptic; motor; longer

Question 32

Neural circuits in Aplysia gill: Withdrawal reflex Touching siphon stimulates and activates ____ neuron S, which then releases less ____ with each action potential, thereby causing less ____ of ____ neuron M, therefore the gill muscles are not activated as much as the gill is withdrawn less

Answer 32

Sensory; glutamate; excitation; motor

Question 33

Sensitization in Aplysia ____ excited by tail sensory neuron synapses on siphon & mantle sensory neurons are called ____-____ synapse, which releases ____ (neuromodulator), which results in greater number of ____ vesicles, resulting in greater ____ of motor neuron.

Answer 33

axo-axonic; serotonin; glutamate; excitation

Question 34

____ ____: Plasticity occurred at the siphon and mantle sensory neuron synapses onto the motor neuron (different pathways). This is demonstrated by ____ in Aplysia.

Answer 34

Heteroplasticity; sensitization

Question 35

____ ____ is the process of altering synaptic transmission at synapses not involved with processing the initial stimulus

Answer 35

Heterosynaptic plasticity