Lecture 18: Emotional memory

Question 1

In mice, neural responses in the ____ cortex varied according to the different evoked emotions

Answer 1

insular

Question 2

____ is a complex program of actions triggered by the presence of specific stimuli (which can be either external or internal of the body)

Answer 2

Emotion

Question 3

3 sets of phenomena that makes up emotional responses

Answer 3

1. Physiological/automonic responses
2. Overt behaviors
3. Conscious feelings

Question 4

Of the 3 sets of phenomena that makes up emotional responses, ____ ____ facilitate the behaviors and provide quick mobilization of energy for vigorous movement

Answer 4

Physiological/autonomic responses

Question 5

____ ____ (also called the fight-or-flight response) is a colletion of bidily responses that prepare the body to face a threat

Answer 5

Autonomic arousal

Question 6

The physiological compoments of arousal are mediated by the ____ nervouse system (ANS), which signals the ____ glands to release stress hormones when the brain senses a threat.

Answer 6

Automonic; adrenal

Question 7

Major stress hormones include ____ (also called adrenaline) and ____ (primary one in humans: ____)

Answer 7

epinephrine; glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 8

Step 1 of the HPA axis
____ ____ hormone (CRH) released from the ____ ____ (PVN) of the ____ into a private circulatory system linked to the ____ gland

Answer 8

corticotropin releasng; paraventricular nucleus; hypothalamus; pituitary

Question 9

Step 2 of the HPA axis
____ (abb.) binds to receptors in the ____ gland which causes it to release ____ ____ hormone (ACTH) into the blood

Answer 9

CRH; pituitary; adrenocorticotropin releasing

Question 10

Step 3 of the HPA axis
____ (abb.) binds to receptors on ____ glands which causes them to release ____ into the blood

Answer 10

ACTH; adrenal; glucocorticoids

Question 11

Step 4 of the HPA axis (response)
____ responsds to ____ to reduce ____ (abb.) if the level is high (this is called a ____ feedback system)

Answer 11

hypothalamus; glucocorticoids; CRH; negative

Question 12

Of the 3 sets of phenomena that makes up emotional responses, ____ ____ are muscular movements appropriate to the situation, including facial expression, posture, and running away

Answer 12

overt behavior

Question 13

Of the 3 sets of phenomena that makes up emotional responses, ____ ____ are subjective experience and/or perceptions of the emotional action programs

Answer 13

conscious feelings

Question 14

William James and Carl Lange proposed that ____ feelings of emotion occur when the mind senses the ____ responses associated with ____ or some other kind of ____. Modern versions called it the ____ theories of emotion, as it emphasizes it’s the bodily responses that induce feelings of emotion.

Answer 14

conscious; physiological; fear; arousal; somatic

Question 15

Issues with the somatic theories of emotion:
1. Reaction of ____ responses are not always faster than the ____ feelings of emotion
2. Same ____ response for different ____

Answer 15

1. autonomic; conscious
2. autonomic; emotions

Question 16

Walter Cannon and Philip Bard proposed that conscious feelings of emotion and bodily responses occur ____ and ____ – the previosu one a function of the ____, while the latter a function of ____ structures

Answer 16

simultaneously; independently; thalamus; hypothalamic

Question 17

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed a ____-____ theory of emotion, suggesting that a combination of ____ appraisal and ____ of biological changes together determine conscious feelings of emotion

Answer 17

two-factor; cognitive; perception

Question 18

Hsueh et al. (2003) study about the cardiogenic control of affective behavioral state revealed that…

Answer 18

Mice that expressed excitatory opsin in the heart had no change in behavior in safe environment, but cardiac pacing results in anxiety-like behavior in a context-dependent manner

Question 19

____ ____ is a cluster of physiological changes, overt behaviors, and conscious reactions that accompany the emotion of fear

Answer 19

fear response

Question 20

____ is a fear response in mammals in which body hair stands on end, making the animal look bigger and more threatening than it is

Answer 20

Piloerection

Question 21

____ ____ ____ is a classically conditioned response (CR), such as physiological arousal, that is produced in response to a CS that has been paired with an emotion-evoking US

Answer 21

conditioned emotional response

Question 22

In ____ ____, animals learn to make particular responses in order to escape from or ternminate an aversive stimulus. It is a form of ____ conditioning that employs negative ____.

Answer 22

Conditioned escape; operant; reinforcement

Question 23

____ ____ is a phenomenon in which exposure to an uncontrollable punisher teaches an expectation that responses are ineffectual, which in turn reduces the motivation to attempt new avoidance responses – understanding this may provide clues for how to treat or protect against ____

Answer 23

learned helplessness; depression

Question 24

____ ____ of memory is the principle that it is easiest to retrieve memories that match our current mood or emotional state

Answer 24

Mood congruency

Question 25

James Papez concluded that several brain areas are important for emotions, including the ____ (vital for episodic memory formation), the ____ (where most sensory info enters the brain), and the ____ (helps regulate the body's response to emotion)

Answer 25

hippocampus; thalamus; hypothalamus

Question 26

____ is a collection of brain nuclei that lie at the anterior tip of each hippocampus; critical for learning and expressing emotional responses as well as mediating the emotional modulation of memory formation

Answer 26

Amygdala

Question 27

General circuit in the amygdala: ____ -> ____ -> ____

Answer 27

lateral nucleus; basolateral nucleus; central nucleus

Question 28

Lesions of the ____ nuclues of the amygdala disrupt the ability to learn and display new ____ responses. In humans, patients with bilateral damage to the ____ (like Patient S.M.) often show deficits in learning emotional responses.

Answer 28

central; emotional; amygdala

Question 29

For Patient S.M., he was able to recognize all facial expressions except for being ____

Answer 29

afraid

Question 30

Two pathways in to the amygdala: The direct pathway from the ____ to the amygdala is faster, but conveys less detail. The indirect pathway from he ____ to the ____ to the amygdala is slower but allows much finer discrimination of stimulus details. These information gets sent to ____ amygdala, then to the ____ ____.

Answer 30

thalamus; thalamus; cortex; basolateral; central nucleus

Question 31

Single neuron recording in ____ amygdala (BLA) revealed that prior to CS-US pairing, neigher odor elicited much of a response from its neurons, but after pairing the almond odor to tail shock, the neurons strongly responses to the ____ odor and not the other one

Answer 31

basolateral; almond

Question 32

The ____ projects to the ____, both directly and indirectly (via the ____ cortex and other brain structures), allowing contextual information from the ____ to help the ____ trigger emotional responses. The ability of its contextual memory to influence emotional responding is part of the reason why returning to the location (or the context) where an emotional experience occurred is often enough to evoke an emotional response

Answer 32

hippocampus; amygdala; entorhinal; hippocampus; amygdala

Question 33

A film clip study revealed that greater ____ activation while watching the vedio clip was associated with better recall weeks later if the clip was ____, but ____ activation was unrelated to recall of ____ video clips.

Answer 33

amygdala; emotional; amygdala; neutral

Question 34

____ is a neurotransmitter that is chemically related to epinephrin but can cross the blood-brain barrier and affect brain fucniton. It may indirectly promote strong learning in the ____ and ____, but blocking or reducing it can reduce memory of ____ material.

Answer 34

norepinephrine; cortex; hippocampus; emotional

Question 35

Impact of glucocorticoids on learning and memory: 1. Increases circulating ____ 2. decreases ____-____ potentiation 3. Increases number of ____ during learned maze task

Answer 35

glucocorticoids; long-term; errors

Question 36

Stress can induce decreased size of ____ area CA__ and loss of neurons in other areas.

Answer 36

hippocampal; 3

Question 37

Pregnant rhesus monkeys who are administered synthetic ____ will have fetuses that have reduced size of the ____ and fewer neurons in them.

Answer 37

glucocorticoids; hippocampus