Chapter 2 Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
an applied branch of General Ethics must be studied from the perspective of philosophy.
A
Business Ethics
2
Q
is a part of philosophy, and it is unthinkable to discuss ethical concepts and moral principles without being philosophical.
A
ethics
3
Q
involves use of metaphysical technologies and concepts that is best understood only in the light of philosophical abstractions.
A
moral reasoning
4
Q
Philosophy, etymologically, came from two Greek words ________ and ____________
A
“philos,” which means love
“sophis,” which means wisdom.
5
Q
Philosophy means ______________
A
“love of wisdom”
6
Q
It is a science that seeks to explain the ultimate cause of
everything by the use of human reason alone.
A
Philosophy
7
Q
Philosophy according to ______, is the highest form of ________.
A
Plato
inquiry
8
Q
For ______________, philosophy is a ______________ for questions that have not been answered to the satisfaction of the one asking the questions. Questions like; Who am I? How do I live? Where am I going?
A
William James
collective name
9
Q
is also defined as the science that studies the ultimate causes or explanation of things attained by the use of human reason alone.
A
Philosophy
10
Q
These different definitions of philosophy only affirm that it is a _______________ which basically deals
with _____________.
A
metaphysical science
abstractions
11
Q
business Ethics, as an applied branch of philosophy, must be discussed since it involves investigating the ______________ that are basically __________________ and which are ___________ in ____________ relationships both in business transactions and in the interactions of people in business organizations and in the corporate world.
A
- human values
- metaphysical in nature
- operative
- fiduciary
12
Q
DEFINITION OF ETHICS
A
- Ethics is a practical science of the morality of human acts.
- Ethics is the study conduct from the standpoint of morality.
- Ethics is a practical science that guides us in our actions that we live rightly and well.
- Ethics is the science which lays down the principles of right living
13
Q
Ethics is a practical science of the ________ of ____________.
A
morality of human acts
14
Q
Ethics is the study conduct from the _______ of ________.
A
standpoint of morality.
15
Q
Ethics is a practical science that guides us in our _________ that we ____________ and ______.
A
actions
live rightly
well
16
Q
Ethics is the science which lays down the _______ of _________
A
principles of right living
17
Q
The term ethics and morality are often used _____________
A
interchangeably
18
Q
refers to the quality of goodness or badness in human act.
A
Morality
19
Q
is described as moral
A
Good
20
Q
is described as immoral.
A
Bad
21
Q
It implies judgment and refers to what we could call ____________ and _________________.
A
- moral standards
- moral conduct
22
Q
is used to refer to the formal study
of those standards and conduct.
A
Ethics
23
Q
For this reason, Ethics is also often called “_______________.”
A
moral philosophy
24
Q
involves the study of those standards and judgment which people create.
A
Ethics
25
assumes that the standards exist and seeks to describe them, to evaluate them, or to evaluate the
premises upon which those standards exist.
Ethics
26
basically indicates the nature of moral principles, ethical
systems and moral norms that people use to justify their moral judgment.
Ethics
27
is a branch of philosophy and it is considered as a ____________ because it is concerned with the
systematic study of norms of human conduct
Ethics
normative science
28
is a normative science because it involves a systematic
search for moral principles and norms that are used to justify our moral judgments.
Ethics as a normative science
29
There are three categories of General Ethics;
* Descriptive Ethics
* Normative Ethics
* Metaethics
30
consists of studying and describing the morality of people, culture, or society. It also makes comparisons and contrasts on the different values, principles, code of ethics, beliefs, and practices of people. It does not prescribe or attempt to assess the moral soundness of any ethical system but only to describe objectively the values and belief of people.
Descriptive Ethics
31
Examples of Descriptive Ethics
a. Psychological Egoism
b. Cultural Relativism
32
is the study of human motivation. Is says nothing about
what is good or bad or right or wrong, rather it simply declares results based on various scientific
studies.
Psychological Egoism
33
It does not prescribe how people should act, rather it describes how people, when grouped and observed in their own cultural realities, actually differ in their behavior. What is good or bad, moral or immoral according to this theory is relative to the people’s own culture or sets of cultural beliefs and practices.
Cultural Relativism
34
involves moral judgment based on ethical norm or theory. This consists both of the basic moral principles and values and the particular moral rules that govern people’s behavior, which is
right or moral and wrong is immoral.
Normative Ethics
35
The three tasks of Normative Ethics are the following;
* To form into a related whole the various norms, rules and values of a society’s morality.
* To find the basic principle from which the particular norm can be derived.
* To justify an ethical norm or moral principle.
36
To form into a related whole the various ________, _______ and ____________________.
* norms
* rules
* values of a society’s morality.
37
To find the ___________ from which the____________ can be __________.
* basic principle
* particular norm
* derived
38
To justify an _____________ or __________
ethical norm
moral principle.
39
is a branch of Normative Ethics. is concerned with analysis of the meaning of words and logic of moral reasoning. It analyses moral terms like, “good”, “bad”, “moral”, “immoral”, “moral obligation”, and the like. Does not describe moral belief of people, does not evaluate the process of moral reasoning but simply analyses the usage and meaning of words.
Metaethics
40
is a body of ethical theories that measures and
evaluates the nature of a moral act based on the validity of the motive of an act. This means that the
motive or intention is good, then regardless of the consequences, the whole action is good.
Deontological Ethics or non-consequentialist approach
41
Examples of Deontological Ethics
* Kantianism
* Divine Command Theory
42
is also known as the categorical imperative approach, the idea that one should always base his action on maxims or rules that are believed to be universal.
Kantianism
43
holds that the standard of right and wrong is the will or law of God.
Divine Command Theory
44
measures the morality of an action based on its
consequences and not in the motive or intention of the actor. If the consequences are good, regardless of the motive, then act is always morally good.
Teleological Ethics or consequentialist theory
45
Examples of Teleological Ethics
* Hedonism
* Utilitarianism
46
the view that measures is the only good as an end
Hedonism
47
maintains that the “greatest good is the greatest happiness or pleasure of the greatest number.” This means that if the action can provide the greatest happiness to the greatest number of the people
who are affected by the action, the actions to be considered morally good.
Utilitarianism
48
These two approaches to the ethical evaluation of the human conduct are also used by the _______
in the decision-making process.
managers
49
managers are said to be biased towards deontological perspective because of their _________________________. On the other hand, some managers could be result-oriented in terms of
decision making. In this regard, they favor the perspective of Teleological Ethics because they focus on the ___________ or the _______________ regardless of the intention of the motive of the one performing the action.
* principle-oriented decision-making process
* consequence
* result of the action
50
One of the basic questions in ethics is to determine how people develop their fundamental concepts of good and evil. Traditional ethics believes that man has a natural insight to morality, this being the gift the Creator who gave man a _____________
“moral sense.”
51
1. The Synthesis of Man According to St. Thomas Aquinas
According to Aquinas, the moral sense in man is manifested and expressed in three ways;
* Man is able to distinguish or to know what is good or what is bad. Of all creatures, only man has the capacity to know the difference between good and bad action.
* Man is always obligated to do good and to avoid evil. In any given circumstance, man is the only creature who feels the primary duty to do what is good and to avoid what is evil.
* Man knows that he is accountable for his actions - good or bad. Of all creatures, only man realize that the performance of an action entails reward and punishments. If he does an
evil action, he expects punishment.
52
Man is able to __________ or to know what is ______or what is _______.
* distinguish
* good
* bad
53
Man is always ________to do _______ and to avoid ________
* obligated
* good
* evil
54
Man knows that he is _______ for his ________ - ______ or _______.
* accountable
* actions
* good
* bad
55
Freud believes that the human mind has three important components
* preconscious
* conscious
* unconscious
56
where the approach is to understand human behavior which views
men and women as constantly between internal unconscious forces and external social forces.
Psychoanalysis Theory
57
The key points of psychoanalytic theory are the following;
* Man must learn to control his inborn desires.
* Man must achieve fulfillment in ways that are harmonious with others.
58
Man must learn to control his ____________.
inborn desires
59
Man must achieve ___________ in ways that are ___________ with others.
fulfillment
harmonious
60
Tripartite Physce Structure
* Id
* Super-ego
* Ego
61
is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and
hidden memories;
Id
62
Instincts
Id
63
operates as a moral conscience;
Super-ego
64
Morality
Super-ego
65
is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.
Ego
66
Reality
Ego
67
Kohlberg Classification of the Person’s Moral Development
1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-Conventional
68
Preconventional
(Up to the age of 9)
Punishment and Obedience
Instrumental-Relativist
69
Conventional
(Most adolescents and adults)
Interpersonal concordance
Law and order
70
Post-Conventional
( 0 to 15% of the over 20s)
Social Contract
Universal ethical principle
71
This behavior is generally found in young children and older children. There are two stages in this level; (1)
reaction to punishment, (2) desire for the right behavior that will satisfy the person’s self-interest.
Pre-conventional
72
Stage 1 explains the concept of being good by following commands and authority and avoiding being punished.
Stage 2 is the stage of individual instrumental Purpose of Exchange.
Pre-conventional
73
Some individuals do the right thing only to avoid punishment or to obtain approval, an employee who thinks that the only person not to steal money from the employer is the currently of getting and fired. The person at this stage has little sense of needs of the others. At second stage, the persons become aware that others have their needs also and begins to defer to them to get what the individual wants.
Business and Organizational Application of Pre-conventional
74
This level is generally found in an ideal civilized society, hence, the name “conventional.” The first stage of this level (Stage 3) is the Stage of Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships and Conformity. This is characterized by an attitude which seeks to do what will gain the approval of others, commonly referred to us as “Putting oneself in the other person’s shoes.”
Conventional
75
Stage 3 is also known as the “good boy and good girl” orientation stage. This implies that a good or bad behavior of the person depends on his/her conformity or non-conformity with the norms of his/her immediate community or environment.
Stage 4 on the other hand is the stage of Social System and Conscience Maintenance wherein one is oriented by the law and responding to the obligations of duty. A person is considered a law-abiding citizen when he or she follows the law of society but will be considered deviant when the same person violates the same law.
Conventional
76
Stage 3 of the second level describes the right behavior is one that conforms to conventional expectations, an employee considers the importance of being loyal follower to avoid conflicts. Stage 4 on the other hand, explains that the right behavior consists of performance of duty, respect for authority and maintaining social order, an employee address to organizational rules and policies and obeys order from the superior.
Business and Organizational Application of Conventional
77
Stage 5 is the Stage of Prior Rights and Social Contract Utility. It is
the stage of understanding of rights and values. It gives the person a sense of democracy but relativity of rules. This means that people at this stage realize that there are fundamental concepts of right and wrong but the application of which is confined to their own culture and environment. Each person’s moral rights however, must be protected.
The last stage (Stage 6) is the Stage of Universal Principles. It is based on respect of universal principles and the demands of individual conscience. At this stage Kohlberg believes that people do good and avoid evil because they are convinced that there are universal ethical principles that govern and justify their actions.
Post-Conventional
78
Stage 5 maintains that the laws may be important and must be followed but they are not absolute, they can be changed if necessary. Stage 6 maintains that people can act in accordance with their conscience and universal ethical principles, the individual is likely to act in accordance with these principles rather than rules.
Business and Organizational Application of Post-Conventional
