Chapter 4

Question 1

is a science that investigates the nature of human conduct.

Answer 1

Ethics

Question 2

we must differentiate between the _________ and the ____________.

Answer 2

human act
act of man

Question 3

The distinction between these two is an important process
in determining the _________________

Answer 3

morality of man’s actions

Question 4

The Nature of Human Act

Answer 4

Human acts
Act of man

Question 5

Flow of Human Act

Answer 5

Knowledge -> Consent -> Action -> Responsibility

Question 6

are actions that proceed from the deliberate free will of man.

Answer 6

Human acts

Question 7

These actions are therefore done with knowledge and consent and willfully carried out by the person.

Answer 7

Human acts

Question 8

Human acts are characterized as;

Answer 8

1. The free and voluntary acts of man;
2. Acts dine with knowledge and consent;
3. Acts that are proper to man as a rational being since man has been gifted with nationality and freedom of will;
4. Acts which are conscious and under our control and for which we are responsible.

Question 9

1. The __________ and _________ acts of man

Answer 9

free
voluntary

Question 10

2. Acts dine with __________ and ____________;

Answer 10

knowledge
consent

Question 11

3. Acts that are proper to man as a ______________ since man has been gifted with __________ and ______________;

Answer 11

rational being
nationality
freedom of will

Question 12

4. Acts which are __________and _____________ and for which we are __________.

Answer 12

conscious
under our control
responsible.

Question 13

refers to certain types of actions that are naturally exhibited by man as such they are morally indifferent because we cannot judge them to be either ethical or unethical.

Answer 13

Act of man

Question 14

are therefore natural acts that we perform by virtue of our nature as animal beings.

Answer 14

Acts of man

Question 15

There are two categories of acts of man;

Answer 15

1. Natural involuntary actions.
2. Natural voluntary actions.

Question 16

These are actions of man that are performed involuntarily (e.g. blinking of the eyes, perspiration, beating of the heart).

Answer 16

Natural involuntary actions.

Question 17

These are actions that are within the control of man’s will but only for some period of time (e.g. breathing, sleeping, eating and walking).

Answer 17

Natural voluntary actions.

Question 18

Human Acts in Relation to Reason

Answer 18

a. Good acts
b. Evil acts
c. Indifferent acts

Question 19

are those done by man in harmony with the dictates of right reason.

Answer 19

Good acts

Question 20

are those actions done by man in contradiction to the dictates of right reason

Answer 20

Evil acts

Question 21

are those acts that are neither good nor evil

Answer 21

Indifferent acts

Question 22

The Voluntariness of the Human Acts

Answer 22

a. Perfect Voluntariness actions
b. Imperfect voluntariness actions
c. Direct voluntary actions
d. Indirect voluntary actions

Question 22

only voluntary acts have a ______________.

Answer 22

moral bearing.

Question 23

are performed with full knowledge and with full consent.

Answer 23

Perfect Voluntariness actions

Question 24

Example: A person donating a large sum of money to charity after careful thought and without any external pressure. They fully understand the impact of their donation and willingly choose to help.

Answer 24

Perfect Voluntariness actions

Question 25

that occur when there is no perfect knowledge or consent, or when either or both of the knowledge or consent is partial.

Answer 25

Imperfect voluntariness actions

Question 26

Example: A teenager signing a contract without fully understanding the legal consequences. They may not have complete knowledge of what they are agreeing to, making their consent imperfect.

Answer 26

Imperfect voluntariness actions

Question 27

that are intended for its own sake, either as a means or as an end.

Answer 27

Direct voluntary actions

Question 28

Example: A student studying hard for an exam to get a high grade. The action (studying) is intentionally done as a means to achieve the goal (high grade).

Answer 28

Direct voluntary actions

Question 29

that are not intended for its own sake but which merely follows as a regrettable consequence of an action.

Answer 29

Indirect voluntary actions

Question 30

Example: A firefighter breaking a window to rescue a trapped person. The primary intention is to save the person, but breaking the window is an unintended but necessary consequence.

Answer 30

Indirect voluntary actions

Question 31

The Moral Principle Involved in Actions Having Two Effects (The Indirect Voluntary Act)

Answer 31

1. The action must be morally good in itself, or at least morally indifferent. 2. The good effect of the act must precede the evil effect. The evil effect is morally allowed to happen as regrettable consequences. 3. There must be a grave or sufficient reason for doing the act. 4. The evil effect should not outweigh the good effect or, at least, the good effect should be equivalent in importance to the evil effect.

Question 32

The factors that link human acts with their norms are called

Answer 32

determinants or morality

Question 33

serve as the measure of the goodness and the evilness of the human act

Answer 33

the determinants of morality

Question 34

The following are the 3 determinants of morality;

Answer 34

1. The End of the Action. 2. The End of the Actor. 3. Circumstances of the Act.

Question 35

this refers to the intrinsic nature or purpose of the action itself—whether the action is morally good, bad, or neutral. Some actions are inherently good (e.g., helping others), while others are inherently bad (e.g., stealing).

Answer 35

The End of the Action.

Question 36

Example: * ___________ Telling the truth in a court case to ensure justice. * ___________ Lying under oath, which is inherently wrong because it promotes injustice.

Answer 36

Good Action: Bad Action:

Question 37

This refers to the intention of the motive of the person performing act. This is to be distinguished from the end of the action. Even if an action is good in itself, the moral value can change based on the intent behind it. A good action done for a bad reason may not be truly moral. he motive of the agent varies in different individuals, while the end of the act is always the same

Answer 37

The End of the Actor.

Question 38

Example: * ___________A doctor treating a patient to save their life. * ___________ A person donating money to charity only to gain social recognition, rather than to help others.

Answer 38

* Good Intention * Bad Intention:

Question 39

Refer to the conditions that affect the human act by increasing or decreasing the responsibility of the actor. refer to the external factors that can increase or decrease the moral value of an action, such as the ____, _______, ________, or ________ involved. These do not change whether an act is good or bad but may affect the degree of responsibility.

Answer 39

Circumstances of the Act time place method people

Question 40

Example: _____________: A person giving food to the poor during a famine, where help is urgently needed. _____________: A student cheating in an entrance exam, where the dishonesty directly affects their future and the fairness of the admission process.

Answer 40

Good Circumstance Bad Circumstance

Question 41

The following are considered the circumstances of the act because they can aggregate or mitigate the culpability of the actor;

Answer 41

a. Who b. What c. Where d. How e. When f. Why

Question 42

refers to the person or the one to whom the act is ascribed.

Answer 42

Who

Question 43

refers to the quality or the quantity of the object of the act

Answer 43

What

Question 44

refers to the place where the act is performed.

Answer 44

Where

Question 45

refers to the manner or mode by which the act is performed

Answer 45

How

Question 46

refers to the circumstances of the time.

Answer 46

When

Question 47

refers to the circumstances of the end or intention of the act.

Answer 47

Why

Question 48

writes 5 principles involving the implication of the circumstances of the act;

Answer 48

Paul Glenn

Question 49

The Principles Involved in the Circumstances of the Action

Answer 49

1. An indifferent act can become good or evil through circumstances. 2. A good act can become evil through circumstances. 3. An intrinsically good act can become better or an intrinsically evil act can become worse through circumstances 4. An evil act can never become good through circumstance. 5. A good act done with evil means destroys the entire objective goodness of the act.

Question 50

Example: * Good: Walking in a park for relaxation is neutral, but if done to accompany an elderly person for their safety, it becomes good. * Evil: A person eating food is neutral, but if they eat all the food while knowing their starving sibling has nothing to eat, it becomes morally wrong.

Answer 50

An indifferent act can become good or evil through circumstances.

Question 51

Example: * Helping a friend financially is good, but if the money is knowingly given to support their gambling addiction, the act becomes morally wrong.

Answer 51

A good act can become evil through circumstances.

Question 52

Example: * Better: Donating money to charity is good, but donating anonymously and without expecting recognition makes it even better. * Worse: Lying is intrinsically bad, but lying in court under oath to frame an innocent person makes it much worse.

Answer 52

An intrinsically good act can become better or an intrinsically evil act can become worse through circumstances

Question 53

Example: * Stealing money from a wealthy person to help the poor is still stealing and remains morally wrong, even if the intention seems good.

Answer 53

An evil act can never become good through circumstance

Question 54

Example: * A student getting high grades is a good outcome, but if they achieve it by cheating on exams, the act becomes entirely wrong.

Answer 54

A good act done with evil means destroys the entire objective goodness of the act