Chapter 2 Flashcards

(28 cards)

1
Q

Nucleus

A

-Double membrane (nuclear envelope) with pores that control what enters and leaves the nucleus
-stores DNA
-Synthesis of RNA

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2
Q

Rough ER

A

-ribosomes on surface
-package proteins for secretion
-send transport vesicles to Golgi

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3
Q

Smooth ER

A

-no ribosomes on surface
-synthesis lipids
-metabolize carbs
-store Ca2+
-detox

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4
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

-Synthesis and packaging of materials for transport
-produce lysosomes

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5
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A

-no nucleus
-DNA in a nucleiod
-no organelles other than ribosomes
-small size
ex: bacteria

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6
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

A

-Has nucleus and nuclear envelope
-membrane bound organelles
-larger in size
-more complex
ex: plant and animal cells

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7
Q

Why is it important for cells to be small?

A

To have a large surface area to volume ratio.
Large surface area to volume ratio causes an INCREASE in rates of chemical exchange between cell and environment

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

-protein synthesis

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9
Q

Passive transport

A

NO Energy needed
Diffusion DOWN the concentration gradient (high to low)

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

-intracellular digestion
-recycle cell’s materials
-apoptosis (programmed cell death)

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11
Q

Vacuoles

A

storage of materials

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

-site of cellular respiration
-double membrane: outer and inner membrane

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13
Q

Chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

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14
Q

Plasma membrane is selectively permeable

A

Small, nonpolar molecules can cross easily
The hydrophobic core prevents the passage of ions and large, polar molecules

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15
Q

Phospholipids: Amphipathic

A

-Hydrophilic head outside, hydrophobic taill towards inside
-this creates a hydrophobic barrier: keeps hydrophilic molecules out

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16
Q

Membrane fluidity
-Temperature
-cholesterol
-saturation

A

-Low temp: Phosphlipids closer together, less fluid. High temp: phospholipds farther apart, more fluid

-cholesterol inserts itself between phsopholipids. At low temps, this prevents them from packing close together, increasing fluidity and hinders solidification

-Unsaturated tails are bent, preventing packing and incresing fluidity

17
Q

Integral proteins

A

Embedded in membrane, fully passes through

18
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Extracellular or cytoplasmic sides of membrane
NOT embedded

19
Q

Water moves to

A

Where there is a higher concentration of solute

20
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Transport proteins help hydrophilic substances cross the plasma membrane

21
Q

Active transport

A

Requires ATP to move substances AGAINST the concentration gradient

22
Q

Cotransport

A

Membrane protein enables “downhill” transport of one solute to drive “uphill” transport of another

23
Q

isotonic solution

A

Solute concentration is equal

24
Q

hypertonic

A

Higher solute concentration outside

25
hypotonic
Lower solute concentration outside
26
channel proteins
Provide a hydrophilic channel for molecules to pass through membrane
27
Dehydration synthesis
Forms bonds H and OH are removed from interacting monomers and a covalent bond forms
28
Hydrolysis
Breaks bonds Covalent bonds between monomers are broken as H goes to one monomer and OH goes to the other