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Intro to Chem Summer 2025 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are significant figures?

A

Those digits in a measured number that include all certain digits plus a final one having some uncertainty

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2
Q

A number written in scientific notation has 2 parts, what are they?

A

A decimal part and an exponential part

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3
Q

What is the decimal part of scientific notation?

A

A number that is between 1 and 10

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4
Q

What is the exponential part of scientific notation?

A

10 raised to an exponent, n

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5
Q

In 1.2 x 10^-10, what is the decimal part?

A

1.2

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6
Q

In 1.2 x 10^-10, what is the exponential part?

A

10^-10

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7
Q

What does a positive exponent mean?

A

1 multiplied by 10 n times

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8
Q

What are some examples of positive exponents and their meanings?

A

10^0 = 1
10^1 = 1 x 10 = 10
10^2 = 1 x 10 x 10 = 100
10^3 = 1 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000

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9
Q

What does a negative exponent (-n) mean?

A

1 divided by 10 n times

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10
Q

What are some examples of negative exponents and their meanings?

A

10^-1 = 1/10 = 0.1
10^-2 = 1/10x10 = 0.01
10&-3 = 1/10x10x10 = 0.001

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11
Q

How do you convert a number to scientific notation?

A
  1. Find all of the sig figs in the number
  2. Rewrite those digits as a number with 1 digit in front of the decimal point and the rest of the numbers after the decimal point
  3. Look at the new number you have written and count the number of places you must move the decimal point in order to get back to where the decimal point was originally located. This will be the numerical value of your exponent
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12
Q

If the decimal point is moved to the left when writing scientific notation, the exponent is _____

A

Positive

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13
Q

If the decimal point is moved to the right when writing scientific notation, the exponent is ______

A

Negative

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14
Q

What is an example of writing a number into scientific notation with a positive exponent?

A

5983 = 5.983 x 10^3

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15
Q

What is an example of writing a number into scientific notation with a negative exponent?

A

0.00034 = 3.4 x 10^-4

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16
Q

In the number 45.872, what numbers are certain, and which ones are estimated?

A

45.87 are certain and 2 is estimated

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17
Q

The greater the precision of the measurement, the ________

A

Greater the number of significant figures

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18
Q

All nonzero digits are significant/not significant (choose one)

A

Significant

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19
Q

Trailing zeros that fall after a decimal point are significant/not significant (choose one)

A

Significant

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20
Q

Interior zeros are significant/not significant (choose one)

A

Significant

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21
Q

Trailing zeros that fall before a decimal point are significant/not significant (choose one)

A

Significant

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22
Q

Leading zeros are significant/not significant (choose one)

A

NOT significantT

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23
Q

Trailing zeros at the end of a number but before an implied decimal point are ______

A

Ambiguous

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24
Q

What are interior zeros?

A

Zeros between 2 numbers

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25
What is an example of interior zeros
305
26
What are trailing zeros?
Zeros to the right of a nonzero number
27
What is an example of trailing zeros?
23200.00
28
What are leading zeros?
Zeros to the left of the first nonzero number
29
What is an example of leading zeros?
004.23
30
What is an example of a number that is ambiguous?
12000
31
Exact numbers have an ______ amount of significant figures
Unlimited
32
What is an example of an exact number?
1 inch = 2.54 cm
33
When numbers are used in a calculation, the result is rounded to reflect what?
The sig figs of the data
34
For calculations involving multiple steps, which answers do you round?
Only the final answer
35
Use only the _____ digit being dropped to decide which direction to round, ignore all digits to the right of it
Last
36
Round down if the last digit dropped is _____
4 or less
37
Round up if the last digit dropped is ____
5 or more
38
What is the multiplication and division rule?
The result of multiplication or division carries the same number of significant figures as the factor with the fewest sig figs.
39
What is an example of multiplication in the multiplication and division rule?
5.02 x 89.665 x 0.10 = 45.0118 = 45 Because the lowest number of sig figs would be 2, with 0.10, so our answer only has 2 sig figs
40
What is an example of division in the multiplication and division rule?
5.892/6.10 = 0.96590 = 0.966 Because the lowest number of sig figs would be 3, with 6.10, so our answer only has 3 sig figs
41
What is the addition and subtraction rule?
In addition or subtraction calculations, the result carries the same number of decimal places as the quantity carrying the fewest decimal places
42
What is an example of addition in the addition and subtraction rule?
5.74 + 0.823 + 2.651 = 9.214 = 9.21 Our answer only has 2 decimal places because the lowest amount of decimal places would be 2 with 5.74
43
What is an example of subtraction in the addition and subtraction rule?
4.8 - 3.965 = 0.835 = 0.8 Our answer only has 1 decimal places because the lowest amount of decimal places would be 1 with 4.8
44
What is the key to solving both multiplication/division and addition/subtraction problems?
Do the steps in parenthesis first
45
The unit system for science measurements, based on the metric system, is called what?
The international system of units/SI units
46
Length is what base unit in the SI system?
Meter
47
Mass is what base unit in the SI system?
Kilogram
48
Time is what base unit in the SI system?
Second
49
Temperature is what base unit in the SI system?
Kelvin
50
What is the standard of length?
The definition of a meter is the distance that light travels in vacuum in 1/299,792,458 s
51
What is the standard of mass?
The kilogram is defined as the mass of a block of metal kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sevres, France
52
What is the standard of time?
The second is defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation emitted from a certain transition in a cesium-133 atom
53
The kilogram is a measure of mass which is _______ from weight
Different
54
The mass of an object is a measure of what?
The quantity of matter within it
55
The weight of an object is a measure of what?
The gravitational pull on that matter
56
Weight depends on _____ but mass does not
Gravity
57
Tera|T
Trillion 1,000,000,000,000 10^12
58
Giga|G
Billion 1,000,000,000 10^9
59
Mega|M
Million 1,000,000 10^6
60
Kilo|K
Thousand 1,000 10^3
61
Hecto|H
Hundred 100 10^2
62
Deca|Da
Ten 10 10^1
63
Deci|D
Tenth 0.1 10^-1
64
Centi|C
Hundredth 0.01 10^-2
65
Milli|M
Thousandth 0.001 10^-3
66
Micro|μ
Millionth 0.000001 10^-6
67
Nano|N
Billionth 0.000000001 10^-9
68
Pico|P
Trillionth 0.000000000001 10^-12
69
Femto|F
Quadrillionth 0.000000000000001 10^-15
70
What are the steps to choosing a prefix multiplier?
1. Choose the prefix multiplier that is most convenient for a particular measurement 2. Pick a unit similar in size to the quantity you are measuring
71
A short chemical bond is about 1.2x10^-10 m, which prefix multiplier should you use?
Pico = 10^-12 Nano = 10^-9 The most convenient one is probably the picometer
72
What is a derived unit?
A unit formed from other units
73
Any unit of length when cubed (raised to the 3rd power) becomes what?
A unit of volume
74
Cubic meters (m^3), cubic centimeters (cm^3), and cubic millimeters (mm^3) are all what?
Units of volume
75
What is dimensional analysis?
Using units as a guide to solving problems
76
Always write every number with it's associated ______
Unit
77
Always include ____ in your calculations
Units
78
What are the dimensional analysis formulas?
information given x conversion factor(s) = information sought given unit x desired unit/given unit = desired unit
79
What is the general problem solving strategy?
1. Identify the starting point (unit to begin with) 2. Identify the end point (what you must find)
80
What is the density of a substance?
The ratio of it's mass to it's volume
81
What is the formula for density?
D = mass/volume or D = M/V
82
A sample of liquid has a volume of 22.5 mL and a mass of 27.2 g. What is the density?
D = M/V 27.2g/22.5 mL 1.21 g/mL

Intro to Chem Summer 2025 (13 decks)

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