Chapter 2

Question 1

Appetitive Stimulus

Answer 1

an event that an organism will seek out

Question 2

Aversive Stimulus

Answer 2

An event that an organism will avoid

Question 3

Baseline

Answer 3

the normal frequency of a behavior before some intervention

Question 4

case study approach

Answer 4

a descriptive research approach that involves intensive examination of one or few individuals

Question 5

changing-criterion design

Answer 5

a type of single-subject design in which the effect of the treatment is demonstrated by how closely the behavior matches the criterion that is systematically altered

Question 6

Comparative Design

Answer 6

a type of control group design in which different species constitute one of the independent variables

Question 7

Contingency

Answer 7

a predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of the other

Question 8

Control Group Design

Answer 8

a type of experiment in which, at its simplest, subjects are randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group; subjects assigned to the experimental group are exposed to a certain manipulation or treatment, while those assigned to the control group are not

Question 9

Covert Behavior

Answer 9

behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior. Thoughts and feelings are covert behaviors.

Question 10

Cumulative Recorder

Answer 10

a device that measures total number of responses over time and provides a graphic depiction of the rate of behavior

Question 11

Dependent Variable

Answer 11

that aspect of an experiment that is allowed to freely vary to determine if it is affected by changes in the independent variable

Question 12

Deprivation

Answer 12

the prolonged absence of an event that tends to increase the appetitiveness of that event

Question 13

Descriptive Research

Answer 13

research that focuses on the describing the behavior and the situation within which it occurs

Question 14

Duration

Answer 14

the length of time that an individual repeatedly or continuously performs a certain behavior

Question 15

Establishing Operation

Answer 15

a procedure that affects the appetitiveness to aversiveness of a stimulus

Question 16

Functional Relationship

Answer 16

the relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable; a cause-and-effect relationship

Question 17

Independent Variable

Answer 17

that aspect of an experiment that is made to systematically vary across the different conditions in an experiment

Question 18

Intensity

Answer 18

the force or magnitude of a behavior

Question 19

Interval Recording

Answer 19

the measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals ( note that the number of times that the behavior occurs within each interval is irrelevant)

Question 20

Latency

Answer 20

the length of time required for a behavior to begin

Question 21

multiple-baseline design

Answer 21

a type of single-subject design in which a treatment is instituted at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors

Question 22

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 22

a descriptive research approach that involves the systematic observation and recording of behavior in its natural environment

Question 23

Overt Behavior

Answer 23

behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behavior

Question 24

Rate of Response

Answer 24

the frequency with which a response occurs in a certain period of time

Question 25

Response

Answer 25

a particular instance of a behavior

Question 26

Reversal Design

Answer 26

a type of single-subject design that involves repeated alternations between a baseline period and a treatment period

Question 27

Satiation

Answer 27

the prolonged exposure to (or consumption of) an event that tends to decrease the appetitiveness of that event

Question 28

Simple-Comparison Design

Answer 28

a type of single-subject design in which behavior in a baseline condition is compared to behavior in a treatment condition

Question 29

Single-Subject Design

Answer 29

a research design that requires only one or a few subjects in order to conduct an entire experiment

Question 30

Spacial Contiguity

Answer 30

the extent to which events are situated close to each other in space

Question 31

Speed

Answer 31

the amount of time required to perform a complete episode of a behavior from start to finish

Question 32

Stimulus

Answer 32

any event that can potentially influence behavior

Question 33

Temporal Contiguity

Answer 33

the extent to which events occur close together in time

Question 34

time-sampling recording

Answer 34

the measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of discontinuous intervals

Question 35

Topography

Answer 35

the physical form of a behavior

Question 36

Variable

Answer 36

a characteristic of a person, place, or a thing that can change over time or from one situation to another