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Learning and Behavior > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Appetitive Stimulus

A

an event that an organism will seek out

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2
Q

Aversive Stimulus

A

An event that an organism will avoid

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3
Q

Baseline

A

the normal frequency of a behavior before some intervention

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4
Q

case study approach

A

a descriptive research approach that involves intensive examination of one or few individuals

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5
Q

changing-criterion design

A

a type of single-subject design in which the effect of the treatment is demonstrated by how closely the behavior matches the criterion that is systematically altered

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6
Q

Comparative Design

A

a type of control group design in which different species constitute one of the independent variables

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7
Q

Contingency

A

a predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of the other

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8
Q

Control Group Design

A

a type of experiment in which, at its simplest, subjects are randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group; subjects assigned to the experimental group are exposed to a certain manipulation or treatment, while those assigned to the control group are not

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9
Q

Covert Behavior

A

behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior. Thoughts and feelings are covert behaviors.

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10
Q

Cumulative Recorder

A

a device that measures total number of responses over time and provides a graphic depiction of the rate of behavior

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11
Q

Dependent Variable

A

that aspect of an experiment that is allowed to freely vary to determine if it is affected by changes in the independent variable

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12
Q

Deprivation

A

the prolonged absence of an event that tends to increase the appetitiveness of that event

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13
Q

Descriptive Research

A

research that focuses on the describing the behavior and the situation within which it occurs

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14
Q

Duration

A

the length of time that an individual repeatedly or continuously performs a certain behavior

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15
Q

Establishing Operation

A

a procedure that affects the appetitiveness to aversiveness of a stimulus

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16
Q

Functional Relationship

A

the relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable; a cause-and-effect relationship

17
Q

Independent Variable

A

that aspect of an experiment that is made to systematically vary across the different conditions in an experiment

18
Q

Intensity

A

the force or magnitude of a behavior

19
Q

Interval Recording

A

the measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals ( note that the number of times that the behavior occurs within each interval is irrelevant)

20
Q

Latency

A

the length of time required for a behavior to begin

21
Q

multiple-baseline design

A

a type of single-subject design in which a treatment is instituted at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors

22
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

a descriptive research approach that involves the systematic observation and recording of behavior in its natural environment

23
Q

Overt Behavior

A

behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behavior

24
Q

Rate of Response

A

the frequency with which a response occurs in a certain period of time

25
Q

Response

A

a particular instance of a behavior

26
Q

Reversal Design

A

a type of single-subject design that involves repeated alternations between a baseline period and a treatment period

27
Q

Satiation

A

the prolonged exposure to (or consumption of) an event that tends to decrease the appetitiveness of that event

28
Q

Simple-Comparison Design

A

a type of single-subject design in which behavior in a baseline condition is compared to behavior in a treatment condition

29
Q

Single-Subject Design

A

a research design that requires only one or a few subjects in order to conduct an entire experiment

30
Q

Spacial Contiguity

A

the extent to which events are situated close to each other in space

31
Q

Speed

A

the amount of time required to perform a complete episode of a behavior from start to finish

32
Q

Stimulus

A

any event that can potentially influence behavior

33
Q

Temporal Contiguity

A

the extent to which events occur close together in time

34
Q

time-sampling recording

A

the measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of discontinuous intervals

35
Q

Topography

A

the physical form of a behavior

36
Q

Variable

A

a characteristic of a person, place, or a thing that can change over time or from one situation to another

Learning and Behavior (7 decks)

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