Chapter 2

Question 1

Atoms

Answer 1

The smallest representative particle of an element

Question 2

Subatomic particle

Answer 2

Atoms composed of even smaller particles

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

The small positively charged center of an atom

Question 4

Protons

Answer 4

Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus

Question 5

Neutrons

Answer 5

Neutral (uncharged) subatomic particles found in nucleus

Question 6

Electrons

Answer 6

Very small, negatively charged subatomic particles found in a diffuse layer surrounding the nucleus

Question 7

Atomic number

Answer 7

The number of protons in a nucleus

Question 8

Atomic mass unit (amu)

Answer 8

A unit used to express very small masses

Question 9

Isotopes

Answer 9

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Question 10

Atomic weight (atomic mass)

Answer 10

The average atomic mass of an element

Question 11

Cation

Answer 11

A positively charged ion

Question 12

Anion

Answer 12

A negatively charged ion

Question 13

Electronic charge

Answer 13

The negative charge carried by an electron

Question 14

Compound

Answer 14

Pure substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded to each other
(Compounds form when the electrons in the atoms of two or more elements interact)

Question 15

Molecule

Answer 15

Group of atoms combined in definite proportions and held together by strong attractive forces called covalent chemical bonds

Question 16

Molecular compound

Answer 16

Composed of molecules that contain more that one type of atom

Question 17

Ionic compounds

Answer 17

Composed of ions and usually contain a metal and one or more nonmetals

Question 18

Ionic bond

Answer 18

Bond between oppositely charged ions

Question 19

Chemical formula

Answer 19

A shorthand notation that describes the types and relative numbers of each atom present in a pure substance

Question 20

Molecular formula

Answer 20

Chemical formula that tells the actual number of each type of atom in a molecule

Question 21

Empirical formula

Answer 21

Chemical formula that tells the smallest whole number ratio of each type of atom in a molecule

Question 22

Monoatomic ion

Answer 22

A charged species containing a single atom that has gained or lost electrons

Question 23

Polyatomic ion

Answer 23

Electrically charged group of two or more atoms that are held together by covalent bonds

Question 24

Oxyanions

Answer 24

Polyatomic anions containing one or more oxygens attached to a central atom

Question 25

Per

Answer 25

1 more O than the "ate" oxyanion

Question 26

Hypo

Answer 26

1 less O than the "ite" oxyanion

Question 27

Baking soda

Answer 27

Sodium bicarbonate | NaHCO3

Question 28

Table salt

Answer 28

Sodium chloride | NaCl

Question 29

Bleach

Answer 29

Sodium hypochlorite | NaClO or NaOCl

Question 30

Electromagnetic radiation

Answer 30

A form of energy with both electrical and magnetic components

Question 31

Wavelength

Answer 31

Distance between successive peaks

Question 32

Frequency

Answer 32

Number of complete wavelengths that pass a given point in 1 sec

Question 33

Bohr model

Answer 33

Model that explains the line spectra formed of atoms and ions with a single electron

Question 34

Quantum mechanical model

Answer 34

Matter (including and electron) has wave-like properties in addition to the expected particle-like properties

Question 35

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Answer 35

You cannot know both the exact energy and exact location of an electron

Question 36

Wave function

Answer 36

A mathematical description of an allowed energy state (orbital) for an electron

Question 37

Electron density

Answer 37

Probability of finding an electron in a particular region of space

Question 38

Orbital

Answer 38

An allowed energy state of an electron in the quantum mechanical model of the atom

Question 39

Principle quantum number(n)

Answer 39

Describes energy of the electron

Question 40

Azimuthal quantum number(l) | Angular momentum quantum number

Answer 40

Defines shape of orbital

Question 41

Ground state

Answer 41

Lowest energy state

Question 42

Excited state

Answer 42

Higher energy state

Question 43

Photon

Answer 43

A packet of light

Question 44

Magnetic quantum number (ml)

Answer 44

Describes orientation in space of the orbital

Question 45

Electron spin quantum number (ms)

Answer 45

Describe each electron found in an orbital

Question 46

Electron spin

Answer 46

Property of electrons that make it behave as if it were a tiny magnet spinning on its axis

Question 47

Shell

Answer 47

All orbitals with the same value of n

Question 48

Subshell

Answer 48

All orbitals with the same value of both n and l

Question 49

Pauli exclusion principle

Answer 49

Each electron in an atom must have a unique set of four quantum numbers n,l,ml,ms

Question 50

Aufbau principle

Answer 50

Electrons are placed in the lowest energy orbital available

Question 51

Hunds rule

Answer 51

If more than one orbital in a subshell is available electrons will first empty orbitals in that subshell first

Question 52

Electron configuration

Answer 52

Short hand notation is commonly used instead of an orbital diagram

Question 53

Transition metal ions

Answer 53

Form when electrons are lost from the parent atom

Question 54

Isoelectronic

Answer 54

Having same number of electrons

Question 55

Isoelectronic series

Answer 55

A group of atoms and ions with the same number of electrons

Question 56

Ionization energy

Answer 56

Minimum energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of an isolated gaseous atom or ion

Question 57

Electron affinity

Answer 57

Energy charge that occurs when an electron is added to a gaseous atom

Question 58

Electron affinity trends

Answer 58

Halogens have most negative electron affinities Electron affinities become increasing negative moving from left toward the halogens Electron affinities do no change significantly within a group Noble gases will not accept another electron

Question 59

Metals

Answer 59

Shiny luster Malleable and ductile Good conductors of heat and electricity Form cations

Question 60

Metallic character

Answer 60

Increases from top to bottom | Increases from right to left

Question 61

Law of conservation of mass (matter)

Answer 61

Matter cannot be created or destroyed | Total mass of substances present before and after a chemical reaction is constant

Question 62

Law of constant composition

Answer 62

A given compound always contains the same relative numbers and kinds of atoms