anatomy: the study of the ?
physiology: how structures ?
why we study A&P:
-speech production is
-for those who have abnormalities in the anatomical structure and physiological systems that support speech ?
-knowledge of the speech anatomy and physiology is ?
- structures of the body and the relationship of these structures to one another
- work together to result in function
- complex
- the production of speech can be quite difficult
- fundamental to understanding these comm. disorders
three anatomical systems of speech production
respiratory system
laryngeal (phonatory) system
-articulatory and resonance systems
the respiratory system
primary muscle for respiration?
Upper respiratory system:
lower respiratory system:
diaphragm
- oral cavity
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
respiration inhaling= -diaphragm -lungs -air ? -chest wall ?
breathing in
- contracts and lowers
- expand
- sucked in as lung pressure decreases
- expands
exhaling=
- diaphragm
- lungs
- air flows ?
- chest wall
breathing out
- relaxes and elevates
- lungs compress
- out as lung pressure increases
- contracts
during quiet breathing inhaling and exhaling is?
during speech breathing inhaling and exhaling is ?
50/50
10/90
speech breathing -faster ? slower, -larger ? -ration for inhalation versus expiration
more frequent inhalations (pauses)
- controlled exhalations (speech)
- volume of air exchanged
- 10/90
resting tidal breathing (?)
- breathing to ?
- even ?
- ration for inhalation versus exhalation ?
quiet breath
-sustain life
-inhalations and exhalations
40/60 OR 50/50
the laryngeal (phonatory) system
what makes up the larynx
what is below the larynx
what is above larynx
hyoid bone
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
esophagus (feeding tube)
trachea (breathing tube)
epiglottis
position of the vocal folds
-speech swallowing =
breathing=
while you are speaking your vocal folds are constantly ? so they are NOT always
closed/ADDUCT
open/Abduct
coming together and going apart/ closed during speaking
phonation
as the size of vocal folds increases the
lower the pitch
articulatory and Resonance System articulation refers to the movement of ? -also referred to as the ? the system consists of a series of ? speech resonance is the ?
one structure against another
- supra-laryngeal system (supra=above)
- cavities, muscles, bones, teeth
- amplification and modification of sound by vocal tract cavities
The Articulators
the structures involved in the articulation of speech can be classified into two categories
movable
fixed
movable: make contact with another movable structure or permanently fixed structure
-lips, tongue, pharynx, mandible
cannot be moved by muscles
-hard palate, alveolar ridge, teeth
articulators lips: most important for producing -teeth: most important to ? but also for producing ? - how many - jaw:
bilabial sounds: b,p,m
chewing, sounds like th or v
- 32 (20 baby)
- alveolar processes (gums)
maxilla: upper jaw
mandible: lower jaw
articulators
tongue
-the tongue is a ?
-important for many sounds especially
muscular hydrostat
- made up of muscle with no bony framework to support its movements
- t, d, and l
articulators hard palate? -velum or ? -? -open path allows ? -closed allows ? nasal speech sounds: hypernasal hyponasal
roof of mouth soft palate -opens and closes pathway to nasal passages -nasal resonance -resonance in the oral cavity -n,ng,m -too much nasality -not enough nasality
resonance
- if you could listen to your voice in your larynx it would sound like
- the shape of your vocal tract makes that noise into?
- gives your voice its ?
- mechanical buzzing noise
- something that sounds like speech
- unique quality (depends on shape of your resonators)
how is speech produced -formula s= t= p=
SxT=P
source
transfer function (filter)
product (speech)
epiglottis
- what structure
- covers ? so that ?
- 3 points of protection when swallow and epiglottis is ?
leaflike structure
trachea so food guided down esophagus instead of into airway
thyroid cartilage aka
adams apple
cricoid cartilage
- rests at
- most ?
- shaped like
top of trachea
inferior portion of larynx
ring
arytenoid cartilage
-what helps vocal folds
open and close
space in between vocal folds is
glottis
