Chapter 3

Question 1

language is a uniquely ?

• it is a ? that represents ?
• a socially ?
• provides the foundation upon which ? takes place
• a disorder of language can have a profound ?

Answer 1

human process that involves sharing of info

• rule governed symbol system of signs, sounds, gestures that represent ideas and concepts
• shared code
• communication, problem solving, and synthesizing knowledge takes place
• impact on a person’s ability to learn and function competently in the world

Question 2

language development involves both ?

Answer 2

comprehension (receptive learning) and production (expressive language)

Question 3

bloom and lahey identified three skills that contribute to overall language ability

Answer 3

form: phonology morphology and syntax
content: semantics
use: pragmatics

Question 4

the form of language :
phonology is the ?
the smallest units of language which consist of ?
phonotactics: rules for ?

Answer 4

phonology

• sounds of a language and rules for combining them
• vowels and consonants
• combining speech sounds to create a word

Question 5

morphology
is the ?
two types of morphemes ?

Answer 5

smallest meaningful unit of language - the structure of words
-free morpheme (stand alone word) cat, build, structure
bound morpheme: attached to free morphemes cats , builder, sturctured

Question 6

syntax
the ?
example: nouns typically ?

Answer 6

structure of sentences and the rules for organizing words in sentences
-occur before verbs “he is running”

Question 7

semantics: includes the ?
words can have
denontative meaning ?
connotative meaning?

Answer 7

meanings of individual words and word combinations

• literal/dictionary meaning
• emotions and feelings that a word creates. figurative language such as idioms, proverbs

Question 8

figurative language

idiom: expression that does not have
proverb: a phrase that

Answer 8

a direct meaning
“its been raining cats and dogs”
expresses a basic truth
“the early bird catches the worm”

Question 9

pragmatics

examples of these include

Answer 9

how language is used in context

• greetings
• departures
• enquiries
• informing

Question 10

features of language development

Answer 10

vocalizations versus verbalizations
-pre-linguistic versus linguistic
vegetative versus non-vegetative
-reflexive versus non-reflexive

Question 11

from 0 to 2 months:
from 2 to 4 months:
from 5 to 8 months: 
from 9 to 11 months:
from 12 to 18 months:

Answer 11

cry 
cooing 
reduplicated babbling 
variegated babbling 
single words

Question 12

historic aspects of child language disorders
brown’s ?
-what children
-brown found an ? that correspond to the childs?
the orderly development is organized into ?
MLU is a common measure of ?
what is it exactly

Answer 12

• 14 grammatical morphemes
• orderly development across the first five years of life/ MLU
• 5 stages
• expressive language development
• average number of morphemes in a language sample of 100 utterances

Question 13

School- Age Language Development

• growth in?
• the most obvious growth occurs in areas of ?
• emphasis shifts from ?

Answer 13

• all aspects of language continue to occur
• semantics (vocab) and pragmatics (language use)
• spoke to written language

Question 14

Language disorders affect up to ?
definition of a language disorder is the ?
this definition does not include ? so a language disorder can range from?

Answer 14

• 13% of all children
• impairment or nontypical development of comprehension and/or use of a spoken, written, or other symbol system
• severity
• mild, moderate, severe

Question 15

Nonverbal: children who have developed ?
language deviance: child whose language is ?
language delay: child whose language is

Answer 15

• no verbal language
• qualitatively different from normal younger children
• quantitatively impaired

Question 16

acquired language disorder: a child whose language development is ?
language difference: the language features of a ? differ from the ?
-example

Answer 16

-interrupted
-community / majority language
(english as a second language)

Question 17

Intellectual Impairment 
-a language disorder that is associated with ? 
-occurs in what percent of entire pop.
-language characteristics: 
-limited ?
-shorter?
-omit?
-language pragmatics is?
delay or deviance ? 
-language develops but at a ?

Answer 17

• -intellectual disability (sub-average intellectual function)
• 3%
• and less diverse vocab
• utterances
• grammatical morphemes
• less flexible

delay
-much slower rate

Question 18

Autism Spectrum Disorder 
-a disorder of development that affects ?
-development typically affected ? 
-children with ASD are unable to ? 
-occurs in ? 
-language characteristics: 
-uneven 
-language use is ?
deviance or delay

Answer 18

• language, social skills and behavior
• verbal and nonverbal communication, social interaction, creative imaginative play
• interpret world and what is happening around them in same way as other children
• 1 out of 200 (.5%)
• language development
• impaired (echolalia)
• deviance

Question 19

Specific Language impairment (SLI) 
-a language disorder that occurs in the ? 
occurs in ? 
-language characteristics:
-limited 
-shorter 
-omit 
-50-75% also experienced 
-delay or deviance

Answer 19

• absence of a known cause (neurological, sensory, intellectual, emotional)
• 8% of all 5 year olds (more boys than girls)
• vocabularies
• utterances
• grammatical morphemes
• difficulties learning to read
• delay

Question 20

Language Learning Disability 
-subtle language disorder but severe enough to interfere with ?
-occurs during the approx. age range of ?
-language characteristics:
-semantic? (examples) 
-language use ?
-difficulties ?
deviance or delay

Answer 20

• use of language for learning and socializing
• 8-15 years 5% of children 4:1 ratio
• deficit (word finding problems ) circomlocutions, on specific vocabulary, semantically empty place holders, speech sound errors
• deficit (pragmatics)
• understanding language
• deviance

Question 21

Experience Deprivation 
a language disorder resulting from a lack of ? during the ? 
-this period runs from ?
language characteristics:
-limited and unusual?
-fewer ?
-shorter?
-language pragmatics? 
deviance or delay

Answer 21

• environmental exposure / critical period of language development
• prenatal to first few years of life
• vocab
• grammatical morphemes
• utterances
• deficit
• deviance

Question 22

Behavior Theory (who and who)
-children learn language through 
-Nativist theory (who) 
-what device? predisposed to ? 
Interactionist theory (who and who?)
-what and what are important? children learn language because of ? 
Statistical Learning theory (who) 
-children learn language by ?

Answer 22

• Piaget and skinner
• imitation and reinforcement

Chomsky
-language acq. device / biologically predisposed to learn language

Bates and Carnevale

• Behaviorist and nativist theory important
• desire to comm.

Saffran
-deciphering what they overhear

Question 23

A process of observation and measurement of a child’s language behaviors to determine

Answer 23

whether a clinical problem exists
the nature and extent of the problem
the course to be taken to help the child

Question 24

Case history and review

• SLP gathers information concerning
• ?
• communication as reported by ?
• co-existence of
• familial ?
• family

Answer 24

• birth, social, behavioral development
• parents
• complicating conditions
• history of comm.
• priorities

Question 25

``` Standardized testing -also referred to as -two types of standardized tests ? norm references tests: allows for ? criterion references tests: the child's performance is evaluated with regard to ```

Answer 25

- formal assessment - comparison between child's performance and a group of same aged children - a standard or body of material

Question 26

``` Non-standardized testing -also referred to as ? examples -more sensitive to the subtleties of -should be completed as compliment -no ? -testing was not ? ```

Answer 26

informal assessment - interviewing observation language sampling - natural spontaneous language - standardized testing - consistent or standard manner of testing - normed on a large pop. prior to use

Question 27

language sampling: recording of? -testing via? -key is to collect a representative sample of both ? features analyzed from sample might include ?

Answer 27

- child's language behaviors under relatively typical circumstances - object manipulation activities - expression and comprehension - production: MLU, grammatical morphemes, sentence types - comprehension: w-question comprehension

Question 28

hearing evaluation hearing impairment can often be an ? -audiometry: formal measurement of?

Answer 28

- underlying factor for poor language development | - measurement of hearing acuity

Question 29

``` written report generated after ? the report should indicate: 1. whether the child has a 2. what is the nature of the ? 3. what is the ? 4. what should ? ```

Answer 29

gathering as much info as possible and after analyzing all of the information - problem with language - problem (delay versus deviance) - extent of the problem (severity) - be done (recommendations)

Question 30

``` treatment of child language disorders -involves determining the? treatment is directly based on ? -some approaches work ? -depends on factors such as ? treatment options include: ```

Answer 30

best course of action to assist the child in gaining communicative competence -assessment results -child's age, attention span, particular type of language disorder -family based individual or group based -classroom based

Question 31

family based intervention an SLP works ? an SLP teaches the family how to ? examples

Answer 31

- directly with family members closest to the child - interact with the child to promote specific communication and language skills - demonstrations, examples, handouts

Question 32

individual and group therapy clients in hospitals and clinical settings receieve ? -what determines individuals vs. group ?

Answer 32

individual, group or a combination of both types of therapy - which is more beneficial to the client - the SLPs scheduling constraints

Question 33

classroom based intervention - slp can design an intervention plan and ? - slp and teacher can ? - slp can come into the classroom to ?

Answer 33

- consult with teacher about how she can successfully implement it in the classroom - collaborate and then co-teach - teach a small group of children

Question 34

``` intervention with adolescents requires a different approach than used with -slp must be ? suggestions take time to ? ask the student stick to what the child ```

Answer 34

- younger children - flexible, willing to counsel, listen attentively, and offer guidance - talk with student - questions about his/her problem - wants to talk about

Question 35

cultural consideration in child language disorders as the world becomes increasingly ? it is likely a SLP working in schools will be confronted with children who differ in ? -assessment issues: intervention issues

Answer 35

- global - culture, dialect, as well as primary language compared to their own - bilingualism - differntiating a language difference from a disorder - elective therapy

Question 36

bilingualism proficiency in the second language can be assessed in ? two types of bilingualism for the slp there are challenges in regard to both the ?

Answer 36

writing, reading, speaking and listening -simultaneous -consecutive diagnosis and treatment of bilingual individuals