Chapter 2

Question 1

chemistry

Answer 1

study of matter, what its made of, how its put together, and how it interacts with energy

Question 2

molecule

Answer 2

smallest unit of a compound. The smallest substance that retains the chemical

Question 3

compound

Answer 3

contains atoms of different elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio.

Question 4

3 forms of matter

Answer 4

liquid (holds volume(, solid (holds shape and volume), gas (holds neither)

Question 5

atom

Answer 5

smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element

Question 6

protons

Answer 6

positive charge of one

Question 7

neutrons

Answer 7

no charge

Question 8

electrons

Answer 8

negative charge of one; in orbitals

Question 9

chemical compound

Answer 9

stable associations between 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio (ionic or molecular)

Question 10

molecular compound

Answer 10

consists of molecules rather than ions, each atom shares enough electrons to fill valence shell (covalent).

Question 11

ion

Answer 11

atom with a charge, produced from loss or gain of an electron

Question 12

cations

Answer 12

positively charged ions

Question 13

anions

Answer 13

negatively charged ions

Question 14

Na+

Answer 14

most common extracellular cation, electrical signals in neurons

Question 15

Ca2+

Answer 15

for blood clotting and muscle contraction

Question 16

Cl-

Answer 16

in stomach acid

Question 17

ionic bonds

Answer 17

cations and anions may bind to form an ionic bond. This bond donates or accepts electrons and is very strong

Question 18

assigning charge rules

Answer 18

atoms with 1-3 electrons in valence will become cations, 5-7 = anions

Question 19

covalent bond

Answer 19

atoms share electrons, occurs when both atoms require electrons (4-7 in valence)

Question 20

four elements in the human body that form covalent bonds most commonly

Answer 20

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON)

Question 21

acid

Answer 21

a substance that dissociates in water to produce H+ and an anion; also called a proton donor (these solutions have a greater H+ than OH-)

Question 22

base

Answer 22

accepts H+ when added to a solution; also called proton acceptor (these solutions have greater OH- than H+

Question 23

pH

Answer 23

measure of how much H+ is in a solution. expressed as a number 0-14. a move from one # to the next is a tenfold change.

Question 24

neutral pH

Answer 24

solution with equal concentration of H+ and OH-

Question 25

neutralization

Answer 25

occurs when an acidic or basic solution is returned to neutral (neutralized by adding opposites)

Question 26

buffers

Answer 26

prevent pH changes if excess acid or base is added by accepting H+ from acids and donating H+ to neutralize bases

Question 27

organic molecules

Answer 27

molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen. biomolecules are a subset

Question 28

classes of biomolecules

Answer 28

lipids, carbs, nucleic acids, proteins

Question 29

Lipids

Answer 29

function as stored nutrients, cellular membrane components, and hormones. Monomers are fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 30

4 main types of fatty acids

Answer 30

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

Question 31

triglycerides

Answer 31

Formed from a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. most common lipid in living things, functions to store energy, structural support, cushioning, and insulation.

Question 32

adipose tissue

Answer 32

forms triglycerides when energy is excess (lipogenesis) and breaks down triglycerides when needed (lipolysis)

Question 33

phospholipids

Answer 33

structure has one end of the glycerol with a phosphate group with another organic group which makes the hydrophilic head and a fatty acid group that is the hydrophobic tails. amphipathic (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) molecules forming cell membranes and repair cells.

Question 34

steroids

Answer 34

Helps control metabolism, inflammation, sex characteristics, immune function and more. ringed hydrocarbons. include cholesterol, steroid hormones, and bile salts.

Question 35

Eicosanoids

Answer 35

20 carbon fatty acids. made from arachidonic acid and function as local signaling molecules and inflammatory responses

Question 36

classes of eicosanoids

Answer 36

prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

Question 37

glycolipids

Answer 37

lipid molecules with carbs attached, involved in cellular binding in plasma membrane

Question 38

carbs

Answer 38

an H- and OH- usually attached to every carbon. chemical formula= (CH2O)2. Monomers are monosaccharides, short term energy

Question 39

glucose and glycogen

Answer 39

glucose is a 6 carbon carb, most common monosaccharide, mainly supply energy to cells. Glycogen is its polysaccharide

Question 40

glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

Answer 40

construction or destruction of glycogen

Question 41

monosaccharides

Answer 41

glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

Question 42

disaccharides

Answer 42

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 43

polysaccharides

Answer 43

glycogen in animals, starch and cellulose in plants

Question 44

nucleic acids

Answer 44

store and transfer genetic information. monomer is nucleotides. nucleotides are made up of a sugar molecule, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

Question 45

Dna

Answer 45

double stranded nucleic acid found in chromosomes in nucleus and mitochondria

Question 46

rna

Answer 46

single stranded nucleic acid in nucleus and within cytoplasm of a cell

Question 47

purines

Answer 47

adenine, guanine

Question 48

pyrimidines

Answer 48

cytosine, uracil

Question 49

atp

Answer 49

adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups. provides energy

Question 50

NAD+ and FAD

Answer 50

nucleotides that help form atp

Question 51

proteins

Answer 51

function as catalysts, defense, transport, support, movement, regulation, and storage. strands of amino acids

Question 52

amino acids

Answer 52

20 in living organisms, linked by peptide bonds

Question 53

oligopeptide

Answer 53

3-20 amino acids

Question 54

polypeptides

Answer 54

21-199 amino acids

Question 55

protein

Answer 55

more than 200 amino acids

Question 56

glycoproteins

Answer 56

proteins with a carb attached (if on erythrocytes determine blood type)