Final exam

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

study of structure

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

study of function

Question 3

What are the components of homeostatic control? Define each one

Answer 3

Stimulus: change from normal
Receptor: Responds to change; sends signal to control center
Control Center: usually brain or glands; sends signal to effector
Effector: negates stimulus

Question 4

Stimulus

Answer 4

change from normal

Question 5

What are the forms of matter?

Answer 5

solid, liquid, gas.

Question 6

bases vs. acids - how are they different from one another

Answer 6

Bases: 7.1 - 14 bases accept hydrogen when added to a solution; also called a proton acceptor
Acids: 0-6.9. acids dissociate in a solution to produce more H+

Question 7

pH

Answer 7

measure of the amount of Hydrogen is in a solution. The lower the pH, the more the H+

Question 8

pH of water

Answer 8

7

Question 9

pH of blood

Answer 9

7.4

Question 10

Lipid

Answer 10

diverse group of fatty, water-insoluble compounds. Function as stored nutrients, cellular membrane components, and hormones. 4 classes: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

Question 11

Sugar

Answer 11

also called carbs. Has an O and OH attached to each carbon. Includes monosaccharides (glucose, hectose, pentose) disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose) and polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose)

Question 12

Proteins

Answer 12

compounds that aid in storage, catalyst, support, transport, defense, structural support, movement. monomers are amino acids (they are linked by peptide bonds). Consists of oligopeptides (3-20) polypeptides (21-199) Protein (200+) and glycoproteins. examples of proteins: hemoglobin, insulin, histone.

Question 13

nucleus

Answer 13

largest structure in a cell; contains dna. enclosed in a nuclear envelope and has nucleoplasm fluid

Question 14

cell membrane

Answer 14

forms outer barrier; separates internal from external contents. contains modified extensions like cilia and flagellum.

Question 15

ribosome

Answer 15

synthesize proteins and are arranged into large and small subunits.

Question 16

ER

Answer 16

Extends from nuclear envelope to plasma membrane and is insertion point for enzymes. Rough er produces proteins and peroxisomes and smooth makes, transports, and stores lipids, carb metabolism, and detox of poison stuff.

Question 17

lysosomes

Answer 17

small sacs containing digestive enzymes formed by Golgi. digests unneeded substances

Question 18

Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

made of several sacs that modify molecules, package and sort proteins, make lysosomes, and transport vesicles.

Question 19

How do substances move in and out of cells?

Answer 19

through the plasma membrane; either passively or actively. Exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion. must be small with no charge to go through passively.

Question 20

Chemical bonds

Answer 20

chemical substances being held together.
Ionic bond: 2 ions (has a charge) put together. Donates or accepts electrons.
Covalent Bond: atoms share electrons/both require more electrons

Question 21

tissues

Answer 21

group of similar cells and extracellular matrix that have a common goal.

Question 22

Epithelial tissue function and location

Answer 22

Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, forms glands. Function: protect, metabolic regulation, secretion and absorption, temp. regulation, immune function.

Question 23

Connective tissue function and location

Answer 23

physical protection (bones of skull), support and structural framework (cartilage, bone), binding structures (ligaments), storage (adipose), transport (blood), immune protection (leukocytes in blood)
Found all over body including loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, bone, cartilage, blood and lymph.

Question 24

Muscle tissue function and location

Answer 24

body movement, maintenance of posture, protection and support, heat generation, elimination of waste at orfices. Found covering many bones and in internal organs.

Question 25

Nervous tissue function and location

Answer 25

in brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Receive and send info to the CNS for processing. (reasoning, memory, movement, balance, and more)

Question 26

Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands

Answer 26

endocrine: do not have ducts (just tubes). Secrete hormones directly into body fluids. (thyroid, pineal) exocrine: have ducts that are connected to epithelial surface. Formed from folded epithelium within connective tissue. (sweat, mammary, salivary)

Question 27

types of exocrine glands

Answer 27

Merocrine: vesicles use exocytosis (lacrimal, salivary, sweat) Apocrine: pinching off cytoplasm that contains secretory products and exocytosis (mammary, sweat-axillary) Holocrine: accumulation and cell disintegration (sebaceous gland)

Question 28

Body membranes and what 2 tissue types make these membranes

Answer 28

formed by epithelial tissue bound to connective tissue. Mucous: lines holes to outside. absorb, protect, secrete (digestive) Serous: don't open to external, simple squamous, produce serous fluid and reduces friction. (pericardial) Cutaneous: covers body. keratinized stratified; protects synovial: lines some joints, areolar and squamous. Secretes synovial fluid

Question 29

What influences skin color?

Answer 29

Hemoglobin-pink tint melanin: from melanocytes; tan to brown shades (heredity) carotene: from vegtables, turns to vit. a. - yellow orange tint

Question 30

Sweat gland types

Answer 30

merocrine: normal, simple coiled tubular glands. secrete sweat and aid in thermoregulation. most common. apocrine: coiled tubular glands; produce viscous, cloudy secretions. Produce odor when bacterial hits them. (axillary, pubic)

Question 31

Functions of integument

Answer 31

protection, prevents water loss, metabolic regulation (vit. D), secretion, absorption, temp. regulation (sweat) , immune function (dendritic cells)

Question 32

Why do we have degrees of burn?

Answer 32

each degree correlates to layer of skin burned first: epidermis second: epi and part of dermis third: epi, dermis and subcutaneous

Question 33

Lines of Cleavage help those in the medical field in what ways?

Answer 33

lines of cleavage are collagen and elastin oriented in parallel bundles to resist stress. If a cut is made parallel to the lines of cleavage, it will heal faster than a perpendicular one.

Question 34

Sunlight can be wonderful for our skin but too much can lead to problems. Why is this true?

Answer 34

Sunlight gives us the ability to produce vitamin d and regulate calcium levels in our blood. However, too much causes damage to the dna and accelerates aging. This dna damage can lead to cancer.

Question 35

What is wound healing for skin and bones?

Answer 35

When the skin is damaged, it goes through a process of healing itself. It is often slow, and may cause scarring.

Question 36

bone function

Answer 36

support and protection, levers for movement, hemopoiesis, and storage of minerals and energy reserves

Question 37

Parts of bone tissue

Answer 37

spongy bone and compact bone. Epiphysis: end of long bone covered in articular cartilage. Metaphysis: area between epiphysis and shaft; contains growth plate Diaphysis: shaft of bone Periosteum: outer layer of dense ct. protects, anchors blood vessels, attachment for ligaments Endosteum: contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts and blasts.

Question 38

Types of bone cells

Answer 38

Osteoprogenitor: stems cells that turn into osteoblasts Osteoclasts: phagocytic cells that are involved in bone resorption. Osteoblasts: synthesize and secrete osteoid. When they become trapped in matrix they become osteocytes Osteocytes: mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts. Detect changes in bone and involved in bone resorption.